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# electronics believer

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## Posts

- [BJT Operation Modes](https://electronicsbeliever.com/bjt-operation-modes/) - BJT operation modes are at cut-off, saturation and active or linear. At cut-off, simply the BJT is not operating, say the base-emitter voltage requirement is not meet. The corresponding collector-emitter voltage is the same with the collector supply. At saturation the other hand, the BJT is driven into the point wherein its collector current can no longer
- [How to Drive a Transistor into Hard Saturation](https://electronicsbeliever.com/how-to-drive-a-transistor-into-hard-saturation/) - How to drive a transistor into hard saturation? In using a transistor to operate as a switch you must drive it into saturation. Saturation happens when the collector current cannot further increase despite there is base current increase. The saturation level of every transistor varies. The usual range is from 0.7V to ideally zero. For
- [Operation of a Switch Mode Power Supply](https://electronicsbeliever.com/what-is-the-operation-of-a-switch-mode-power-supply/) - How a Switch Mode Power Supply Works? What is the operation of a switch mode power supply? A switch mode power supply works by continuously switching on and off a semiconductor switch. This semiconductor switch is can be a MOSFET or a BJT. The former is more popular than the latter. When the switch turns
- [LTSpice Circuit Simulation Tutorials for Beginners](https://electronicsbeliever.com/ltspice-circuit-simulation-tutorials-for-beginners/) - “What is the best free circuit simulation software?” The answer is here. As a solid user of this circuit simulation software, I introduce this to you; LTSpice. “How to Use LTSpice?” “How to Start Simulation in LTSpice?” So many questions in mind, we will answer all these. In this article I will teach LTspice circuit
- [Fuse Operation and Principle](https://electronicsbeliever.com/fuse-operation-and-principle/) - Fuse basic operation...How to use it in a circuit...What are the important parameters...Current rating, voltage rating, I2t rating, breaking capacity...
- [How to Setup Bode Plot in Simulink](https://electronicsbeliever.com/how-to-setup-bode-plot-in-simulink/) - Below is the step by step procedure on how to setup bode plot in Simulink. Bode plot is a graph of gain and phase of a system. In a bode plot you can get the gain and phase margins and know if the system is stable or not. To demonstrate this properly, consider the Simulink
- [Tools That Can be Used in Control System Design](https://electronicsbeliever.com/tools-that-can-be-used-in-control-system-design/) - Designing control systems needs a tool to speed up the task. Here are the tools that can be used in control system design. Matlab control systems toolbox is in the top of the list then followed by Simulink control design. I also included here simpowersystems because of its usefulness in power electronics. Control system is
- [How to Calculate Boost Converter Ripple Current](https://electronicsbeliever.com/boost-converter-ripple-current-calculation/) - In early stage of the design, boost converter ripple current is can be assumed as 25-40% of the RMS input current. But how to calculate boost converter ripple current from the design itself? This will be answered below, so better keep on reading. The 25-40% is just a pre-assumption value and can be changed depending
- [Will My Electric Bill Decrease when I Unplug Appliances?](https://electronicsbeliever.com/will-my-electric-bill-decrease-when-i-unplug-appliances/) - Will my electric bill decrease when I unplug appliances not in use? This is the question of many people perhaps. Let us find out if there is really a savings from unplugging devices not in use. Many of us rely only in the remote control to put our appliances in sleep mode or standby mode but
- [Control Tuning using Root Locus Editor in Matlab](https://electronicsbeliever.com/control-tuning-using-root-locus-editor-in-matlab/) - There are few methods to do control tuning in Matlab. One of these is control tuning using root locus editor in Matlab SISO feature. Unlike control tuning using Simulink which is automated, control tuning using root locus editor in Matlab is a manual tuning. On below figure, the upper left box is the root locus
- [7V to 25V Input with 5V and 1.5A Output Buck Converter Design Using LT1376-5 Controller](https://electronicsbeliever.com/7v-to-25v-input-with-5v-and-1-5a-output-buck-converter-design-using-lt1376-5-controller/) - This design reference is for 7V to 25V input with 5V and 1.5A output buck converter using LT1376-5 controller. LT1376-5 is monolithic buck mode switching regulator which has a fixed frequency of 500 kHz. The switching element is internal on the controller thus lower component count. The internal switch can able to handle 1.5A current. The
- [How to Sweep Voltage in LTSpice Step by Step Tutorials](https://electronicsbeliever.com/how-to-sweep-voltage-in-ltspice/) - In this article we are going to explore the ways on how to sweep voltage in LTSpice. Personally I like LTSpice, aside from being a freeware, it is easy to use. It really does what paid simulation software can do (although not that fast when dealing with analog simulation such as switching power supply). For
- [How to Sweep Resistance in LTSpice with Step by Step Tutorials](https://electronicsbeliever.com/how-to-sweep-resistance-in-ltspice-with-step-by-step-tutorials/) - In this article I will hand to you how to sweep resistance in LTSpice with step by step tutorials. Unlike voltage and current, resistance sweeping is not possible to do in the DC Sweep section under Edit Simulation Command. The convenient way to sweep resistance is through the spice directive. The same process on how
- [How to Sweep Temperature in LTSpice with Step by Step Tutorials](https://electronicsbeliever.com/how-to-sweep-temperature-in-ltspice-with-step-by-step-tutorials/) - In this article we will learn the ways on how to sweep temperature in LTSpice. In voltage, current and resistance sweeping you need to declare a certain parameter inside curly braces. In temperature sweeping you don’t have to. When a temperature sweep is used, LTSpice automatically vary the properties of components with respect to desired temperatures.
- [How Linear Regulator Provides Output Regulation](https://electronicsbeliever.com/how-linear-regulator-provides-output-regulation/) - In power supply the term voltage regulation is often mentioned and this is a very important thing actually. Nobody will buy a power supply with an output that has a voltage swing of 10% or even higher. Imagine for a 12V output the voltage can go as high as 13.2V and as low as 10.8V.
- [How Switch Mode Power Supply Regulates its Output](https://electronicsbeliever.com/how-switch-mode-power-supply-regulates-its-output/) - In linear power supply design output regulation is not a question because it is easily done by the linear regulator inserted before the load. Nowadays linear power supply is not anymore widely used. What is drawing more attention now is the switch mode power supply. How switch mode power supply regulates its output is different
- [How to Determine Optocoupler Operation Saturation or Linear](https://electronicsbeliever.com/how-to-determine-optocoupler-operation-saturation-or-linear/) - There are several ways on how to determine Optocoupler operation. The old school method is to build an actual circuit and measure the collector-emitter voltage. If the reading is low enough (equal to the saturation voltage of the device) or ideally zero, the Optocoupler is operating at saturation. If the reading is higher than the
- [Optocoupler Operation as Switch Tutorials with Design Sample](https://electronicsbeliever.com/optocoupler-operation-as-switch-tutorials/) - The optocoupler operation as switch is similar on how to configure BJT as switch. For a BJT to operate as switch it must be set to function in saturation and cut-off. Optocoupler as well. However in BJT circuit the base current must be high enough to drive the transistor into saturation; but in Optocoupler it
- [Disadvantage of using Optocoupler with Low CTR for Switch Operation](https://electronicsbeliever.com/disadvantage-of-using-optocoupler-with-low-ctr-for-switch-operation/) - In optocoupler, CTR stands for current transfer ratio. This is comparable to the current gain, beta or HFE in a BJT. This is the most important parameters of an optocoupler to decide its operation either a switch or an active or linear operation. In this article we are going to focus on what is the
- [Buck Converter Duty Cycle Derivation](https://electronicsbeliever.com/buck-converter-duty-cycle-derivation/) - In this article I will share to you the methods I used in buck converter duty cycle derivation. We will consider the ideal and the real scenarios. In ideal buck converter duty cycle derivation, you don’t need to consider the voltage drops of the switching element and catch diode. On the other hand, in real
- [Worst Case Analysis and Tolerance Simulation Using LTSpice](https://electronicsbeliever.com/worst-case-analysis-and-tolerance-simulation-using-ltspice/) - I believe there are few ways to perform worst case analysis and tolerance simulation using LTSpice. In this article, I will be sharing my own technique. This can be an easier approach and at the same time you will have your Monte Carlo analysis and simulations already. Basically, I will be making use of the
- [Switching Power Supply Operation Principle and Design](https://electronicsbeliever.com/switching-power-supply-operation-principles-and-design/) - Switching power supply operation is very different to that of linear power supply. Despite of its complexity, higher bill of material cost and higher parts count, switch mode power supply is still the preferred power supply topology in the market nowadays. The main reason is higher efficiency and higher power density. Higher efficiency simply means
- [Capacitor as ESD Protection](https://electronicsbeliever.com/capacitor-as-esd-protection/) - Electrostatic discharge or simply ESD is a universal problem in electronic circuits. Capacitor as ESD protection is providing economical solution to the problem. I used to work in automotive electronics and we used high frequency capacitors to protect the exposed pins of our product.
- [ACDC 5 Watts Charger Design Ready for Prototype](https://electronicsbeliever.com/acdc-5-watts-charger-design-ready-for-prototype/) - This article features a low parts count ACDC 5 Watts Charger Design with an output voltage of 5V and a maximum charge current of 1A. This is applicable for cell phones, tablets and other devices and gadgets that use 5 volt supply. This is a constant voltage constant current charger. A constant voltage means a steady level of the output voltage once full charge state has been reached. A constant current means a maximum charge current is controlled despite the battery is very drain and want to draw a high current in the few minutes’ right after it is connected to the charger. In this case, both the battery and the charger itself are protected from over current damage. This design uses an offline Flyback converter with primary side regulation. With primary side regulation, there is no need for Optocoupler and associated circuits thus lesser parts count.
- [ACDC Linear Power Supply Simulation in LTSpice Step by Step Guide](https://electronicsbeliever.com/acdc-linear-power-supply-simulation-in-ltspice-step-step-guide/) - Once a simulation is made, the confidence level that it will work in actual is very high. This will reduce development lead time and save parts cost for trial and error. Let me share you ACDC linear power supply simulation in LTSpice. For more tutorials, join electronicsconsultation.
- [NPN Transistor Principles and Practical Uses](https://electronicsbeliever.com/npn-transistor-principles-practical-uses/) - NPN transistor is can be viewed as two diodes with connected anodes as below figure. For a diode, anode is basically the positive terminal while cathode is the negative terminal and NPN transistor has two diodes with connected anodes as the P type material is sandwich by two N type materials.
- [SURGE PROTECTION CIRCUIT PRINCIPLE and DESIGN](https://electronicsbeliever.com/surge-protection-circuit-principle-design/) - Surge in general is a sudden increase in level or magnitude from a normal or standard value. In electricity, surge is often used to describe voltage transient, voltage surge or voltage spikes. Voltage surge or spike or transient is not a permanent event. It is occurring only within a short period of time but more than enough to destroy devices if there is no counter measure.
- [Snubber Circuit Design Analysis](https://electronicsbeliever.com/snubber-circuit-design-analysis/) - Snubber is a form of circuit protection against voltage spikes, ringing and oscillation effects. Snubber circuit design is complex tasks in circuit design.
- [EMI Shielding Techniques and Concepts](https://electronicsbeliever.com/emi-shielding-techniques/) - EMI is regulated worldwide and there are standards to follow like FCC in the US, CE in Europe, and ICES in Canada. EMI is broken into two main parts; conducted and radiated. We will discuss these fully in other topic.
- [LED Driver Circuit Explained and Available Solutions](https://electronicsbeliever.com/led-driver-circuit-explained/) - LEDs are DC in nature, but why LEDs lights are being used directly in replacement for incandescent and CFL lamps in AC socket? This is made possible using LED driver circuit. A LED driver circuit will convert AC into DC level that is safely usable by the LEDs. There are some available solutions out there for LED driver circuit. LED drivers are can be linear or switching. Let us familiarize these solutions.
- [Wireless Charger Design Principle Concept Explained](https://electronicsbeliever.com/wireless-charger-design-principle-explained/) - Wireless charger design principle is centered in the inductive coupling. In inductive coupling, the change in the current in one wire will have an induced voltage on the ends of the other wire. The amount of inductive coupling is measured in terms of
- [How Power Bank Works – Principles and Concepts Explained](https://electronicsbeliever.com/how-power-bank-works-principles-concepts/) - Cell phones, tabs and other gadgets nowadays are having so many applications which correspond to higher energy consumption that the battery charge cannot last long. Thanks to power banks; we can use our phones and gadgets in the whole day without the need of an AC power. Let us uncover how power bank works
- [How Electric Meter Works](https://electronicsbeliever.com/electric-meter-works/) - How electric meter works? Electric meter records the consumer energy consumption. Energy is the product of power and time. You may be already heard about the term “kilowatt-hour”. This is the unit of energy measured by the electric meters. The power considered is the real or true power that is consumed by the users.
- [Purpose of Power Factor Correction](https://electronicsbeliever.com/purpose-of-power-factor-correction/) - The purpose of power factor correction is to condition the line current. To condition simply means making the line current smooth by filtering the spikes and any irregularities in the waveform. A smoother line current will have low power loss.
- [How Much Savings on Inverter Aircon?](https://electronicsbeliever.com/how-much-savings-on-inverter-aircon/) - Is a lot of money to save when using an inverter aircon? Is it practical to invest in this high priced aircon? How much savings on inverter aircon in reality?..
- [How to Select Battery Charger](https://electronicsbeliever.com/how-to-select-battery-charger/) - There are few considerations that need to be taken cared of on how to select battery charger. They are...
- [Buck Converter Design Tutorial](https://electronicsbeliever.com/buck-converter-design-tutorial/) - Buck converter design tutorial. Full derivation of equations. Easy to understand. Complete analysis with calculations and sample design. Proven design template.
- [What is Voltage Regulator – Explained in Details](https://electronicsbeliever.com/what-is-voltage-regulator-explained-in-details/) - Any applications that needs a constant voltage level will need a voltage regulator. Constant voltage level simply means the level is the same anytime. In short word, a straight-line voltage level. Some circuits that needs voltage regulator are power supplies, reference circuits, and any voltage sensitive integrated circuits or sub circuits.
- [How Quasi Resonant Flyback Works – Detailed Operation](https://electronicsbeliever.com/how-quasi-resonant-flyback-works-detailed-operation/) - A quasi resonant flyback converter is a variant of flyback converter... How Quasi Resonant Flyback Works...
- [Quasi Resonant Flyback Operating Modes](https://electronicsbeliever.com/quasi-resonant-flyback-operating-modes/) - A flyback converter in general has three operating modes. They are continuous conduction mode (CCM), discontinuous conduction mode (DCM) and Transition mode (TM). Each mode has pros and cons. Quasi resonant flyback operating modes are based described using the current waveforms.
- [Quasi Resonant Flyback Step by Step Design Guide](https://electronicsbeliever.com/quasi-resonant-flyback-step-by-step-design-guide/) - If you want to make a quasi resonant flyback but do not know where to start, therefore this Quasi Resonant Flyback Step by Step Design Guide is perfect for you. Follow below steps.
- [How to Select a Circuit Breaker – Basic Tips](https://electronicsbeliever.com/how-to-select-a-circuit-breaker-basic-tips/) - How to select circuit breaker. Important parameters are current rating, voltage rating, interrupting capacity, temperature, safety certificates.
- [How to Select a Transistor](https://electronicsbeliever.com/how-to-select-a-transistor/) - The transistor referred here is the bipolar junction transistor or BJT. Here is the complete guide on how to select a transistor. If you follow these, you can assure a rock solid design. 12 Key Items on How to Select a Transistor The transistor part used in this article is from Diodes Incorporated. They are
- [It is Not Advisable to Connect Diodes in Parallel](https://electronicsbeliever.com/it-is-not-advisable-to-connect-diodes-in-parallel/) - In some applications especially those involving high current may need more than one diode in parallel. For DIY projects like for personal consumption or school projects, this could be acceptable. However, in talking with professional product development wherein the quality and reliability are the focus, parallelling diodes is highly discouraged. This article will discuss the
- [Design a 4V to 24V Boost Converter with Calculations](https://electronicsbeliever.com/design-a-4v-to-24v-boost-converter-with-calculations/) - In order to make this tutorial interesting, I opted to design a 4V to 24V boost converter with calculations. I simplified most of the discussions for easier understanding especially to beginners. Should you have any questions, kindly leave a comment in the comment section. 1. Design Requirements We will start with the requirements. The design
- [6 Reasons Why BJT is Not Suitable for Switch Mode Power Supply](https://electronicsbeliever.com/6-reasons-why-bjt-is-not-suitable-for-switch-mode-power-supply/) - BJT is not a preferred choice for switching converters and power supplies especially when operating at high frequencies and high power. Here are the 6 reasons why BJT is not suitable for switch mode power supply. (1) Long turn on and fall times (2) Very long storage time (3) High power dissipation on collector-emitter (4)
- [How Does GFCI Protects People from Danger](https://electronicsbeliever.com/how-does-gfci-protects-people-from-danger/) - What is GFCI? GFCI is an abbreviation of ground fault circuit interrupter. Some people call it ground fault interrupter (GFI). It is a safety device that protects people from electrical hazards. GFCI works by comparing the current entering to the current returning of an AC circuit. If the difference of these currents (current entering minus
- [How to Know if MOSFET is Defective](https://electronicsbeliever.com/how-to-know-if-mosfet-is-defective/) - Below are the guides on how to know if MOSFET is defective. These are the most common techniques that can be used to check if MOSFET is defective.
- [Electricity Saving Box Scam Revealed](https://electronicsbeliever.com/electricity-saving-box-scam-revealed/) - Electricity saving box or energy saving box or a.k.a power saver is a real scam. Many people became victim of this product. Electricity Saving Box Scam Revealed
- [Transformer Model in LTSpice – Step by Step Guide](https://electronicsbeliever.com/transformer-model-in-ltspice-step-step-guide/) - A transformer is just coupled inductors. Ideally, the power in the primary will be delivered to the secondary 100%. In real case, there is a reduction of power delivered to the secondary and this is the coupling loss. Coupling effectiveness is represented by a number less than unity to unity in LTSpice.
- [Simplified LLC Resonant Converter Operation for Beginners](https://electronicsbeliever.com/simplified-llc-resonant-converter-operation-for-beginners/) - Introduction LLC Resonant Converter is a good topology for DC-DC conversion due to its soft switching feature. The current in primary switching devices will only flow when the voltage is zero. This is zero voltage switching or ZVS. An ideal LLC will operate at resonance. At resonance, the switching frequency is equal to the tank
- [Optocoupler Circuit Design and Detailed Analysis](https://electronicsbeliever.com/optocoupler-circuit-design-and-detailed-analysis/) - Actually, Optocoupler circuit design is not that difficult as some thought. It’s just like you are designing a BJT circuit. If a BJT has its beta or current gain, optocoupler has its CTR or current transfer ratio. Once you know what a CTR is and learn how to use it, then Optocoupler circuit design is
- [Right Way to Measure Power Supply Efficiency](https://electronicsbeliever.com/right-way-to-measure-power-supply-efficiency/) - The right way to measure power supply efficiency must consider four important factors such as: (1) Use the right measuring tools (2) Sample the parameters correctly (3) Use short connections (4) Give some time before taking measurements Use the Right Measuring Tools Efficiency is the ratio of output power to input power. The output power
- [What is Rectifier and How it Works](https://electronicsbeliever.com/what-is-rectifier-and-how-it-works/) - Rectifier is an electrical circuit that converts AC to DC. It is either half wave or full wave. A half wave rectifier consists of a single diode only. There are two types of full wave rectifier. One is the bridge type and the other one is the center tap type. Bridge rectifiers have four identical
- [What is Optocoupler and How it Works](https://electronicsbeliever.com/what-is-optocoupler-and-how-it-works/) - Optocoupler is an electronic component that has a light source at its input side and a light detector or sensor in its output side. A light source is a LED while the detector or sensor is a phototransistor. It is also called as optoisolator, photocoupler or optical isolator. This device is considered as a current
- [Quality Factor of LLC Resonant Converter](https://electronicsbeliever.com/quality-factor-of-llc-resonant-converter/) - What is the meaning of the Quality factor of LLC resonant converter?... The quality factor Q is used to describe the operating range of the LLC.
- [Half Bridge LLC Resonant Converter Power Section Calculator](https://electronicsbeliever.com/half-bridge-llc-resonant-converter-power-section-calculator/) - This design calculator is intended to help engineers speed up their design by quick selection of components using this calculator. This calculator is applicable for half bridge LLC. The template is made in excel so that it is accessible to all engineers or any user that want to design a half bridge LLC resonant converter.
- [Synchronous Buck Converter Design Calculator Excel-External Switches](https://electronicsbeliever.com/synchronous-buck-converter-design-calculator-excel-external-switches/) - This synchronous buck converter design calculator excel - external switches is intended to help engineers speed up their designs by providing quick component selections. It is fully automated with detailed notes in each line item thus making it easy to understand. This design calculator is made in excel so that it is accessible to all
- [Design Template for NMOS Lowside Relay Driver](https://electronicsbeliever.com/design-template-for-nmos-lowside-relay-driver/) - No time to do design analysis? It is not a problem anymore. Electronics Believer created a design template for NMOS lowside relay driver. All you need to do are to fill in the input data and let the template do the math. This is a great tool to speed up component selections, design and analysis.
- [Buck Converter Design Using Excel Calculator](https://electronicsbeliever.com/buck-converter-design-using-excel-calculator/) - This design calculator tool is intended to help design engineers to speed up their decision making in selecting the right parts for buck converter during the design phase. This is made in excel so that all engineers or any user have access into it. The calculator is simple to understand as it has detailed notes
- [Quick Facts About Synchronous Buck Converter](https://electronicsbeliever.com/quick-facts-about-synchronous-buck-converter/) - Buck converters are non-isolated switching converters which output voltage is less than the input voltage thus the term “buck” means. Buck converter could be a conventional one with the diode in the bottom leg or the so-called synchronous buck converter which uses switching devices such as MOSFETs in both upper and lower legs. There are
- [Famous Myths in Leaving Electrical Appliances Turned on When the Power is Back After a Blackout](https://electronicsbeliever.com/famous-myths-in-leaving-electrical-appliances-turned-on-when-the-power-is-back-after-a-blackout/) - If you are reading this, I believe you heard lot of these claims as well. There are lot of people saying that you must turn off electrical appliances before the power comes back from a blackout. They said that leaving them at on state will damage them. Many people believe that when the power comes
- [How to Know if a BJT Switch is Correct by Quick Looking at the Circuit](https://electronicsbeliever.com/how-to-know-if-a-bjt-switch-is-correct-by-quick-looking-at-the-circuit/) - For many, determining a BJT switch if correct is a hard task to do. It requires deep knowledge in electronic circuit theory and lot of effort. It seems only an advanced practitioner can do so. This is not really the case. Even a beginner may be able to learn to do so by following helpful
- [Quasi Resonant Flyback Primary Current Derivation](https://electronicsbeliever.com/quasi-resonant-flyback-primary-current-derivation/) - In order to derive the primary current of a Quasi resonant flyback, it is important to know the waveform of the current. Quasi resonant flyback primary current is rectangular in shape. It will rise linearly when the flyback switch is ON while drop immediately to zero once the switch is turned OFF. Below figure do
- [Inverting Buck-Boost Step by Step Design Guide](https://electronicsbeliever.com/inverting-buck-boost-step-by-step-design-guide/) - Detailed Inverting Buck-Boost Step by Step Design Guide. Complete and detailed explanation. After the tutorial, you can design your own. Equations provided...
- [How to Drive a Relay with a MOSFET](https://electronicsbeliever.com/how-to-drive-a-relay-with-a-mosfet/) - For relay circuit, aspects to consider like the stress, the level of driving voltage, the level of the actual voltage applied to the relay coil if enough...
- [MOSFET Power Dissipation and Junction Temperature Calculation](https://electronicsbeliever.com/mosfet-power-dissipation-and-junction-temperature-calculation/) - Power dissipations calculations for power MOSFET and signal MOSFET. With heatsink and without heatsink. Junction temperature calculation. RDSon determination...
- [How Much Savings on Inverter Refrigerator compared to Traditional Refrigerator?](https://electronicsbeliever.com/how-much-savings-on-inverter-refrigerator-compared-to-traditional-refrigerator/) - How Much Savings on Inverter Refrigerator? When to experience the saving? Is it worth a higher purchase price? Inverter refrigerator benefits?
- [How to Select a MOSFET for Power Electronics](https://electronicsbeliever.com/how-to-select-a-mosfet-for-power-electronics/) - These are the important things to consider on how to select a MOSFET for power electronics. These parameters when considered during the development stage, you can ensure a product with a very high reliability.
- [How to Determine the Correct MOSFET VGS Threshold](https://electronicsbeliever.com/how-to-determine-the-correct-mosfet-vgs-threshold/) - MOSFET will not work if the gate to source voltage is not satisfied. VGS threshold specifications...Discuss how to determine the correct MOSFET VGS threshold...
- [How to Compute MOSFET Switching Losses](https://electronicsbeliever.com/how-to-compute-mosfet-switching-losses/) - There are two types of losses in MOSFET. One is conduction loss and the other one is switching loss... Will guide you on how to compute MOSFET switching losses.
- [How to Get MOSFET Correct RDSon Value](https://electronicsbeliever.com/how-to-get-mosfet-correct-rdson-value/) - How to get MOSFET correct RDSon value...the pre-requisite to compute the MOSFET conduction loss or static power dissipation. RDSon is drain to source on-state..
- [How to Compute MOSFET Conduction Loss](https://electronicsbeliever.com/how-to-compute-mosfet-conduction-loss/) - Explore the meaning of conduction loss and how to compute MOSFET conduction loss. Conduction loss is the main contributor to MOSFET power dissipation when...
- [How to Calculate MOSFET Power Dissipation](https://electronicsbeliever.com/how-to-calculate-mosfet-power-dissipation/) - MOSFET power dissipation is the sum of the conduction loss and switching loss. These power losses are different from each other. Conduction loss is static loss
- [What are the Common Uses of a P-Channel MOSFET](https://electronicsbeliever.com/what-are-the-common-uses-of-a-p-channel-mosfet/) - P-Channel MOSFET is not popularly known compared to the N-Channel variant. Others said it is because difficult to deal with while others are saying it is not supply abundant and there are others saying that it is only limited to few applications. In this article, I will concentrate to the last reason, about applications. So, stay with me as I will be uncovering what are the common uses of a P-Channel MOSFET.
- [How to Derive LLC Converter AC Circuit](https://electronicsbeliever.com/how-to-derive-llc-converter-ac-circuit/) - If you are asking how to derive LLC converter AC circuit, this article is perfect for you. The derivation is based on the first harmonic approximation (FHA)...
- [How to Derive IGBT Power Losses](https://electronicsbeliever.com/how-to-derive-igbt-power-losses/) - IGBT losses, conduction and switching. Conduction loss is due to the voltage drop between....Looking for an explanation on how to derive IGBT power losses?...
- [How to Select a Transformer](https://electronicsbeliever.com/how-to-select-a-transformer/) - Before going to the discussion on how to select a transformer, transformer is can be a low frequency used in 50Hz or 60Hz line or high frequency used in SMPS...
- [How to Saturate a PNP Transistor](https://electronicsbeliever.com/how-to-saturate-a-pnp-transistor/) - PNP transistor is very useful in high side driving. A successful high side driving circuit starts with the proper understanding how to saturate a PNP transistor. Below are the steps to do it. How to Saturate a PNP Transistor - Step 1 Make sure that the circuit supplies are able to forward bias the emitter-base
- [Transformer Design and Selection QR Flyback](https://electronicsbeliever.com/transformer-design-and-selection-qr-flyback/) - Several factors to consider in order to perfectly arrived a good Quasi Resonant Flyback transformer design. It needs to consider the input voltage and the allowed level of the switch drain to source (or collector to emitter) voltage of the switch to define the level of the reflected voltage (Vref). It is also required to
- [Flyback Diode Voltage and Current Analysis](https://electronicsbeliever.com/flyback-diode-voltage-and-current-analysis/) - Flyback Converter diode is acting like a switch linking the transformer secondary and the load. When the primary switch is ON, the primary will store energy. This time the diode will be reversed biased. Meaning, the load side will be cut off from the transformer. On the other hand, when the primary switch is off,
- [Optocoupler Device CTR and Circuit CTR Explained](https://electronicsbeliever.com/optocoupler-device-ctr-and-circuit-ctr-explained/) - When you already heard about Optocoupler devices, you may be heard also about CTR. CTR stands for current transfer ratio. In bipolar junction transistor this is the so called current gain or simply beta. It is the ratio of the collector to forward current of an Optocoupler. In circuit design involving optocoupler, you may be
- [Comprehensive Relay Kickback Voltage Analysis](https://electronicsbeliever.com/relay-kickback-voltage-analysis/) - Relay is made up of two elements; the coil and the contact. The coil needs to be energized so that the contact will change state. For detailed analysis on how to drive the relay coil for it to energize read this. In this topic we will jump directly to relay kickback voltage analysis. As mentioned, relay
- [Quasi Resonant Flyback Duty Cycle Derivation](https://electronicsbeliever.com/quasi-resonant-flyback-duty-cycle-derivation/) - Quasi Resonant flyback duty cycle will reach maximum when it operates in the transition mode or boundary region. As long as the operation will stay at the DCM..
- [Inverter Aircon Can and Cannot Save Money](https://electronicsbeliever.com/inverter-aircon-can-and-cannot-save-money/) - Inverter aircon can and cannot save money. Assuming 30% Saving, it will take 11 months to realize the savings...Assuming 40% Saving, it will take 8 months to realize the savings based on below table.
- [How to Select a Buck Converter Diode](https://electronicsbeliever.com/how-to-select-a-buck-converter-diode/) - Here are the guides on how to select a buck converter diode. If you follow all these, your design will be a rock solid.
- [How to Read MOSFET Datasheet](https://electronicsbeliever.com/how-to-read-mosfet-datasheet/) - Circuit design is a combination of technical knowledge and understanding to each device parameters. Each device parameters are defined in the datasheet. Therefore, knowing how to read MOSFET datasheet is a must in circuits involving MOSFETs. In this another article, in order to explain the ideas clearly, let us use an actual MOSFET part from
- [8 Key Points on How to Select a Fuse](https://electronicsbeliever.com/8-key-points-on-how-to-select-a-fuse/) - A fuse is a component used to protect against short circuits. It is a safety feature thus needs to be selected correctly. Below are 8 key points on how to select a fuse. 1. How to Select a Fuse - Starts by Defining the Normal Operating Current The part used in this article is from
- [Junction to Case Thermal Resistance](https://electronicsbeliever.com/junction-to-case-thermal-resistance/) - Junction to case thermal resistance is measured from the junction to the case. This is mostly specified for power semiconductor devices. This article will teach how to use it and when to use it. Junction to Case Thermal Resistance Symbol and Units Some datasheets use RthJC while others use RθJC. They are referring to the
- [Importance of DFMEA in Product Development](https://electronicsbeliever.com/importance-of-dfmea-in-product-development/) - The importance of DFMEA in product development is cannot be underestimated. It is an analysis that is good for both product robustness and overall safety. However, this design tool is not adopted by all product developers. The main reason is that this tool is maybe time consuming and needs a highly experienced design engineer to
- [How to Derive QR Flyback Secondary Current](https://electronicsbeliever.com/how-to-derive-qr-flyback-secondary-current/) - The key to deriving the current levels of every switching converter knows the type of waveforms. For flyback converter, the primary and secondary current waveforms are in triangular shape. Another important aspect is to know the operation of a QR flyback. The complete operation of a QR flyback is here. The current wave shape is
- [Quasi Resonant Flyback Design Tool – Automated and Hassle Free](https://electronicsbeliever.com/quasi-resonant-flyback-design-tool-automated-and-hassle-free/) - Are planning to design your own QR flyback? This Quasi Resonant Flyback Design Tool will help you do the job effortlessly. All you need to do is to download the tool on the lowest part of this page. Also ensure that you have Mathcad 14 on your PC to open the file. Try search online
- [MOSFET Reverse Battery Protection](https://electronicsbeliever.com/how-to-use-mosfet-as-reverse-battery-protection/) - MOSFET reverse battery protection...Could be PMOS or NMOS...Better than diode due to its very low voltage drop...A single part can do the job...
- [How to Calculate the Duty Cycle of Boost Converter](https://electronicsbeliever.com/how-to-calculate-the-duty-cycle-of-boost-converter/) - The inductor waveform is the key on how to calculate the duty cycle of boost converter. You can get direct equation for boost converter duty cycle formula from different sites but here I will discuss how it is derived. Meanwhile, a familiar boost converter schematic is shown in Figure 1. The inductor of the boost
- [Opto Coupler CTR Explanation](https://electronicsbeliever.com/opto-coupler-ctr-explanation/) - Opto coupler CTR explanation is not well elaborated by other authors and before I was also having hard time of understanding what is it. Current transfer ratio or commonly known as CTR is the ratio of the collector current to the forward current of an optocoupler. It is synonymous to a current gain of a bipolar junction
- [How to Bias Optocoupler: The Complete Course](https://electronicsbeliever.com/how-to-bias-optocoupler/) - How to bias optocoupler is even simpler than bipolar junction transistors. However such device is not well discussed in the universities making people believe that it is a difficult device to deal with. Here I will reveal the methods and techniques on how to bias optocoupler. Before jumping to the main topic on how to bias
- [BJT High Side Driver Analysis](https://electronicsbeliever.com/bjt-high-side-driver-analysis/) - High side driver refers to an electronic switch that is configured to switch a supply voltage. It is commonly used in applications wherein the power source of a circuit is electronically controlled on and off by other circuits like a microcontroller. High side switch could be implemented by using BJT or MOSFET. IGBT could be
- [LLC Converter Gain-Frequency Curve](https://electronicsbeliever.com/llc-converter-gain-frequency-curve/) - The gain-frequency curve of an LLC resonant converter showing both the gain and frequency. How LLC converter gain-frequency curve works, how to interpret it....
- [Complete Analysis of a Fixed Bias Circuit using NPN Transistor](https://electronicsbeliever.com/complete-analysis-of-a-fixed-bias-circuit-using-npn-transistor/) - BJT fixed bias circuit complete analysis. Complete derivation of equations regarding BJT fixed bias. Fixed bias is also called a non-emitter bias circuit.
- [Why LLC Resonant Converter Gain is Unity](https://electronicsbeliever.com/why-llc-resonant-converter-gain-is-unity/) - You may be wondering why LLC resonant converter gain is unity. How it happens and how to mathematically derive it. If you have these questions, then you are on the right page. I will be sharing to you the answers to these questions. In the previous topic, I discussed the equivalent AC circuit of an
- [MOSFET Selection for Buck Converter](https://electronicsbeliever.com/mosfet-selection-for-buck-converter/) - Buck converter can be synchronous or non-synchronous type. The former uses a MOSFET (or BJT, IGBT) in place of the buck diode. Basically, there are two switches in synchronous type. On the other hand, the latter uses a switch and a diode combination. This is simpler and cheaper than the former since there is only
- [How to Test and Troubleshoot DCDC Converter](https://electronicsbeliever.com/how-to-test-and-troubleshoot-dcdc-converter/) - Designing DCDC converter may not any more difficult by the help of online tutorials, simulation software and applications notes. However, the task will not end on the design. Checking if the design is working great is another challenge. Here is the step by step guide on how to test and troubleshoot DCDC converter. How to
- [MOSFET Efficiency Factors for Switching Converters](https://electronicsbeliever.com/mosfet-efficiency-factors-for-switching-converters/) - What are the efficiency constraints for MOSFET in switching converters. How MOSFET parameters affect switching converter efficiency.
- [MOSFET Advantages Over BJT in Switching Converters](https://electronicsbeliever.com/mosfet-advantages-over-bjt/) - MOSFET advantages over BJT. MOSFET versus BJT in switching converters. MOSFET is dominant in switching converters. Why MOSFET is popular in switching converters
- [Factors Affecting Current Transfer Ratio of Optocoupler](https://electronicsbeliever.com/factors-affecting-current-transfer-ratio/) - Current transfer ratio is comparable to BJT's HFE or beta (β). This is the ratio of the optocoupler's collector current to the forward current. Current transfer ratio is popular by its abbreviation CTR. CTR is simply the measure of the optocoupler's transfer efficiency. If we recall the basics, optocoupler is a semiconductor device with a
- [Circuit Analysis Methods](https://electronicsbeliever.com/circuit-analysis-methods/) - There are several circuit analysis methods. In this article I will discuss the most common. In the proceeding discussion I will just use a resistor as an example but in actual application it is not limited to it. Popular Circuit Analysis Methods 1. Ohm's Law Ohm’s law is very popular in resistive circuit. It states
- [Charging and Discharging Capacitive Circuits Detailed Explanation](https://electronicsbeliever.com/charging-and-discharging-capacitive-circuits/) - Charging and Discharging Capacitive Circuits The voltage on a circuit having capacitors will not immediately go to its settling state unlike purely resistive circuits. When a potential difference is applied to an RC circuit the like of Figure 31 below and then S1 is closed, the voltage across the capacitor will exponentially rises from zero
- [Fuse Electrical Parameters Explanation](https://electronicsbeliever.com/fuse-electrical-parameters/) - Fuse is a very simple electrical part and yet needs to be properly selected. Its role in the circuit is very important actually. Selecting a right fuse starts with a good understanding on fuse electrical parameters. There are some important fuse electrical parameters to consider. These are the Current Rating, Ampere Square Seconds, Breaking Capacity and Voltage
- [Monte Carlo Simulation using LTspice with Step by Step Tutorials](https://electronicsbeliever.com/monte-carlo-simulation-using-ltspice-step-by-step-tutorials/) - LTspice is a very good circuit simulation tool for electronic circuits. Thanks for Linear Technology for sharing such a nice tool. In this article I will teach Monte Carlo Simulation using LTspice with Step by Step Tutorials. Monte carlo is an analysis method used by design engineer to increase the robustness and reliability of their
- [Matlab Control Design Step by Step Tutorials](https://electronicsbeliever.com/matlab-control-design-step-step-tutorials/) - I remember when I started to study matlab I was searching for matlab control design step by step tutorials but I have not seen any. Self studying is not easy, it took me sometimes to learn and get what I want. However, we will not having the same experience. I am about to share to
- [What is Source and Sink Current](https://electronicsbeliever.com/what-is-source-and-sink-current/) - What is source and sink current? Source and sink currents are used by integrated circuits such as microcontrollers, digital signal controllers, digital signal processor and any application specific integrated circuits. Sometimes these are being interchanged by others that it should not be. In this article we will know the answer of the question what is
- [Open Collector and Push-Pull Configurations](https://electronicsbeliever.com/open-collector-push-pull-configurations/) - Open collector and push-pull configurations are IC pin driving techniques (particularly output pin). Nowadays ICs such as microcontrollers, digital signal controllers and processors are already configurable. The programmer can set the output pin to either open collector or push-pull implementations. Open collector is an implementation wherein the IC will not provide the supply by itself the
- [How to know if a Transistor is Saturated?](https://electronicsbeliever.com/how-to-know-if-a-transistor-is-saturated/) - There are several ways how to know if a transistor is saturated or not. It is very important that if you design a transistor to function as a switch that it should operate in the saturation and cutoff. Operation at cutoff is simply interrupting the bias of the transistor. However operating at saturation is not
- [Low Side Switch Design Using NMOS with Resistive Load](https://electronicsbeliever.com/low-side-switch-design-using-nmos-with-resistive-load/) - There are only few steps to consider in dealing with low side switch design using NMOS with a resistive load. Low side switch is the term used because once the switch turns on; it will connect the load to the circuit ground to complete the current path. A load is not limited to resistors, it
- [High Side Driver Design Using PMOS with Resistive Load](https://electronicsbeliever.com/high-side-driver-design-using-pmos-with-resistive-load/) - High side driver design using PMOS is an easy approach on driving a high side load. High side driver is the term used because once the switch turns on, it will connect the load to the circuit supply to complete the current path. A load is not limited to resistors, it can also an inductive
- [Protecting Devices from ESD Damage](https://electronicsbeliever.com/protecting-devices-from-esd-damage/) - In electronics industry, protecting devices from ESD damage is a must. Electrostatic discharge or simply ESD is a very high voltage spike that can easily damage small signal components such as integrated circuits and low power semiconductors. A common ESD is caused by human body touching to electronic devices. Charges are accumulating inside human body
- [Is it Worth Investing for Power Supply with Low Standby Power](https://electronicsbeliever.com/is-it-worth-investing-for-power-supply-with-low-standby-power/) - Is it worth investing for power supply with low standby power? Come; go with me to explore the answer of this question. Nowadays power supply technology is advancing. There are so many features added that may or may not be useful for end users. It is important for the end users to define his requirements
- [Control Tuning Using Simulink Auto Tune Feature](https://electronicsbeliever.com/control-tuning-using-simulink-auto-tune-feature/) - One of the easiest methods to tune a controller is through automatic tuning. This is the principle of control tuning using Simulink auto tune feature. Unlike root locus tuning in Matlab, control tuning using Simulink auto tune feature is very easy to do and can be done in a short duration only. However, you still
- [How to Sweep Current in LTSpice Step by Step Tutorials](https://electronicsbeliever.com/how-to-sweep-current-in-ltspice/) - There are several ways on how to sweep current in LTSpice. You can do it through DC sweep command tab, using the step command or through the list command in the spice directive. For first timer in LTSpice, click this beginner’s tutorial. In this tutorial I assume that you have already basic knowledge on LTSpice
- [Fixed Bias Configuration with a Divider Resistor in the Base Complete Analysis](https://electronicsbeliever.com/fixed-bias-configuration-with-a-divider-resistor-in-the-base-complete-analysis/) - This article will uncover the fixed bias configuration with a divider resistor complete analysis. Actually this is another variation of a fixed bias circuit as shown in Figure 87. The only difference of this circuit is the addition of a resistor RB2 as shown in the figure. At application wherein the base is not tied up
- [Common Application of Optocoupler in Today’s Electronic Circuits](https://electronicsbeliever.com/common-application-of-optocoupler-in-todays-electronic-circuits/) - The most common application of Optocoupler is signal isolation. It provides complete isolation because its input side is not electrically connected to the output side. Its input side is a light source which is commonly a LED, while the secondary side is a photo transistor. A photo transistor is also a transistor but without a
- [Sizing the Inductor of Buck Converter and Setting its Operation](https://electronicsbeliever.com/sizing-the-inductor-of-buck-converter-and-setting-its-operation/) - One of the most important parts of a buck converter is the inductor. Sizing the inductor of buck converter and setting its operation mode makes the converter function correctly. The shape and the magnitude of current of the inductor are dictated by the inductance of the inductor itself. Therefore choosing the right inductor value is
- [Heat Sink Thermal Resistance Calculation Easy Explanation](https://electronicsbeliever.com/heat-sink-thermal-resistance-calculation-easy-explanation/) - For power devices like power MOSFETs, power BJT and power diodes, heat sink is very important to provide thermal relief. From the name itself, it will sink the heat from the power devices and help controls the temperature in the safe zone. In this article I will discuss heat sink thermal resistance calculation. For a
- [Transistor Operation Mode Determination](https://electronicsbeliever.com/transistor-operation-mode-determination/) - Transistor operation mode is can easily be determined by using mathematical equations. Don’t worry; these are not difficult equations. There are three operation modes to operate the transistor. These are cut-off, saturation and linear. In cut-off, the transistor is simply not conducting; so it is not a problem to send the transistor in this region.
- [Power MOSFET Design Equations](https://electronicsbeliever.com/power-mosfet-design-equations/) - The important parameters to take note with Power MOSFET are current, voltage, power dissipation and thermal. There are only few power MOSFET design equations...
- [Switch Mode Power Supply Explained with Common Topologies](https://electronicsbeliever.com/switch-mode-power-supply-explained/) - Switch mode power supply corrected the drawback of a linear power supply in terms of efficiency and high power density...
- [How to Know a Defective Diode](https://electronicsbeliever.com/how-to-know-a-defective-diode/) - Diode is a two terminal semiconductor device...Having basic knowledge on how a diode operates will help easily on how to know a defective diode...
- [How to Select Resistor – Selecting Resistor Ratings](https://electronicsbeliever.com/how-to-select-resistor-selecting-resistor-ratings/) - One of the most important ratings to take note in selecting resistor is the power rating. Resistor will burn out if too high, power stress is applied. Therefore, know the actual power dissipation of the resistor.
- [Quasi Resonant Flyback Transformer Saturation Analysis](https://electronicsbeliever.com/quasi-resonant-flyback-transformer-saturation-analysis/) - One of the very important aspect to look at in dealing with quasi resonant flyback transformer is the saturation. A quasi-resonant flyback transformer is not actually a transformer that we usually know. A transformer will transfer energy from the primary to the secondary at real time. However, the flyback converter will store energy on the primary and then transfer that energy to the secondary somehow. This action makes a flyback transformer prone to saturation if not properly been designed.
- [How to Select Inductor for Boost Converter](https://electronicsbeliever.com/how-to-select-inductor-for-boost-converter/) - 1. Select Inductance Value a. Define the switching frequency for the boost converter Example: Fsw = 300kHz b. Define the input and output voltage Example: Vin = 12V, Vout = 24V c. Determine the duty cycle Dutycycle = 1 – (Vin / Vout) Example: Dutycycle = 1 – (Vin / Vout) = 1 – (12V
- [MOSFET and BJT Comparison](https://electronicsbeliever.com/mosfet-and-bjt-comparison/) - MOSFET and BJT comparison about operation, construction, circuit complexity, electrical ratings, switching speed, power losses, heat stability...
- [How to Design Over Temperature Protection Circuit](https://electronicsbeliever.com/how-to-design-over-temperature-protection-circuit/) - Over temperature protection circuit design is not complicated as you may think. It could be done by using a thermistor and other discrete devices. If you have question on how to design over temperature protection circuit or planning to make one, this article is for you, so keep reading. Key Definitions Used on How to
- [How to Select Capacitors - Selecting Capacitor Rating](https://electronicsbeliever.com/how-to-select-capacitors/) - How to select capacitors the right way. Capacitor will get damage by a voltage stress, current stress and temperature stress. Capacitor ratings must not...
- [How to Select a Diode for Circuit Design](https://electronicsbeliever.com/how-to-select-a-diode-for-circuit-design/) - How to select a diode for design, it could be as a rectifier, a reverse blocking device, a component in a switching converter or in a switching power supply...
- [How to Know if a Transistor Defective](https://electronicsbeliever.com/how-to-know-if-a-transistor-defective/) - Transistors are basic elements on power amplifiers, audio amplifiers, switching converters, power supplies and so on. How to know if a transistor defective?
- [How to Know if a Relay Defective](https://electronicsbeliever.com/how-to-know-if-a-relay-defective/) - For hobbyist, it is important how to know if a relay defective. Relay is an electro-mechanical part though nowadays there is already a so-called solid-state...
- [How Flyback Converter Works – Operation and Principle](https://electronicsbeliever.com/how-flyback-converter-works-operation-and-principle/) - How Flyback Converter Works...A flyback converter is composed of a flyback transformer, switch, rectifier and filter and the control mechanism to drive the..
- [Mathcad Step by Step Tutorials for Beginners](https://electronicsbeliever.com/mathcad-step-by-step-tutorials-for-beginners/) - In this article I will teach Mathcad Step by Step Tutorials for Beginners. Advance topic will be discussed in another article. There are two parts on this article. The first part is about software familiarization while the second part is about Mathcad computations. Mathcad Step by Step Tutorials for Beginners Part 1: Software Familiarization Open
- [How to Analyze Optocoupler in Feedback System](https://electronicsbeliever.com/how-to-analyze-optocoupler-in-feedback-system/) - One of the usual applications of optocoupler is to provide isolation between two ground reference. That is why it is often seen in power supply feedback circuit. How to analyze optocoupler in feedback system is to discussed in this article. Keep on reading below. How to analyze optocoupler in feedback system is not as difficult as
- [Designing MOSFET Switch - Comprehensive](https://electronicsbeliever.com/designing-mosfet-switch-technically-comprehensive/) - MOSFET low side driver design. Comprehensive MOSFET driver design. Technical explanation MOSFET driver. Relay driver using MOSFET detailed design and analysis.

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## Downloads

- [Buck Converter Design Template Mathcad](https://electronicsbeliever.com/downloads/buck-converter-design-template-mathcad/) - This is a very powerful buck converter design template tool. Automatically computes all parameters. Proven accurate in many projects. Hassle free design.
- [Boost Converter Design Template Mathcad](https://electronicsbeliever.com/downloads/boost-converter-design-template-mathcad/) - Are you striving to study boost converter? Don't waste time anymore. There is a boost converter design template. Manual calculations are so tiring...
- [3 Outputs Discontinuous Flyback Converter Design Template-Mathcad](https://electronicsbeliever.com/downloads/3-outputs-discontinuous-flyback-converter-design-template-mathcad/) - This is a very easy to use Mathcad template to design a discontinuous flyback converter with 3 outputs. All you need to do is to follow the instructions provided. You can come up with the values needed to have a working 3 outputs discontinuous flyback converter. If you find this design template useful,
- [NPN Fixed Bias Design Template](https://electronicsbeliever.com/downloads/npn-transistor-fixed-bias-circuit-design-template/) - Need to design a transistor fixed bias circuit using NPN? No need to go back to your university days. Use the NPN Fixed Bias Design Template. It's all you need.
- [Quasi Resonant Flyback Operation Checker and Design Tool - Excel](https://electronicsbeliever.com/downloads/quasi-resonant-flyback-operation-checker-and-design-tool/) - The operation of a quasi resonant converter is dependent to the primary inductance of the transformer, stray capacitance of the circuit...However, you don’t need to extend extra effort anymore. There is already a Quasi resonant flyback operation checker and design tool available.
- [Quasi Resonant Flyback Design Tool – Automated and Hassle Free](https://electronicsbeliever.com/downloads/quasi-resonant-flyback-design-tool-automated-and-hassle-free/) - Are planning to design your own QR flyback? This Quasi Resonant Flyback Design Tool will help you do the job effortlessly. All you need to do is to download the tool on the lowest part of this page. Also ensure that you have Mathcad 14 on your PC to open the file. Try search online if lower versions or higher versions of Mathcad can read Mathcad 14 if you don’t have the 14 version. Below are the top-level explanations to every step on this quasi resonant flyback design tool.
- [BJT Voltage Divider Bias Design Template](https://electronicsbeliever.com/downloads/bjt-voltage-divider-bias-design-template/) - Voltage Divider Bias Design Template in Excel. Design template for voltage divider bias. BJT voltage divider bias design template. Hassle free design template.
- [Synchronous Buck Converter Excel Design Template](https://electronicsbeliever.com/downloads/synchronous-buck-converter-excel-design-template/) - Buck converter design is never easy. There are lots to consider ensuring a robust design. The components must be selected well and ensure sufficient design margins. However, this is difficult no more with the use of this synchronous buck converter excel design template. This design template is made in excel format. Thus everyone can use
- [Design Template for NMOS Lowside Relay Driver](https://electronicsbeliever.com/downloads/design-template-for-nmos-lowside-relay-driver/) - If you find this design template useful, please share it and follow electronicsbeliever.com in our FB page. To read the detailed explanation about this read https://electronicsbeliever.com/design-template-for-nmos-lowside-relay-driver/.
- [Buck Converter Design Using Excel Calculator](https://electronicsbeliever.com/downloads/buck-converter-design-using-excel-calculator/) - If you are interested to learn more details about how to design buck converter, read Buck Converter Design Tutorial. If you find this design template useful, please share it and follow electronicsbeliever.com in our FB page. For the detailed explanation about the design template, read https://electronicsbeliever.com/buck-converter-design-using-excel-calculator/.
- [Synchronous Buck Converter Design Calculator Excel-External Switches](https://electronicsbeliever.com/downloads/synchronous-buck-converter-design-calculator-excel-external-switches/) - For the detailed explanation about this template, read https://electronicsbeliever.com/synchronous-buck-converter-design-calculator-excel-external-switches/. If you find this design template useful, please share it and follow electronicsbeliever.com in our FB page.
- [Half Bridge LLC Resonant Converter Power Section Calculator](https://electronicsbeliever.com/downloads/half-bridge-llc-resonant-converter-power-section-calculator/) - If you find this design template useful, please share it and follow electronicsbeliever.com in our FB page. For the detailed explanation on how the template works, read https://electronicsbeliever.com/half-bridge-llc-resonant-converter-power-section-calculator/
- [Synchronous Boost Converter Design Template](https://electronicsbeliever.com/downloads/synchronous-boost-converter-design-template/) - This is a synchronous boost converter design template made in excel. It is very handy, easy to understand and use. Give it a try! If you find this design template useful, please share it and follow electronicsbeliever.com in our FB page.
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- [Optocoupler](https://electronicsbeliever.com/category/electronics/optocoupler/)
- [Regulators](https://electronicsbeliever.com/category/electronics/regulators/)
- [LTSpice](https://electronicsbeliever.com/category/tutorials/ltspice/)
- [BJT](https://electronicsbeliever.com/category/electronics/bjt/)
- [Simulink](https://electronicsbeliever.com/category/tutorials/simulink/)
- [Buck Converter](https://electronicsbeliever.com/category/power-electronics/buck-converter/)
- [Matlab](https://electronicsbeliever.com/category/tutorials/matlab/)
- [MOSFET](https://electronicsbeliever.com/category/electronics/mosfet/)
- [ESD](https://electronicsbeliever.com/category/electronics/esd/)
- [Miscellaneous](https://electronicsbeliever.com/category/electronics/miscellaneous/)
- [Relay](https://electronicsbeliever.com/category/electronics/relay/)
- [Control System](https://electronicsbeliever.com/category/tutorials/control-system/)
- [Power Supply](https://electronicsbeliever.com/category/tutorials/power-supply-tutorials/)
- [RC Circuit](https://electronicsbeliever.com/category/electronics/rc-circuit/)
- [Fuse](https://electronicsbeliever.com/category/electronics/fuse/)
- [Circuit Analysis](https://electronicsbeliever.com/category/electronics/circuit-analysis-electronics/)
- [LLC](https://electronicsbeliever.com/category/power-electronics/llc/)
- [Mathcad](https://electronicsbeliever.com/category/tutorials/mathcad/)
- [EMI/EMC](https://electronicsbeliever.com/category/emiemc/)
- [Thermal Management](https://electronicsbeliever.com/category/electronics/thermal-management/)
- [LED Drivers](https://electronicsbeliever.com/category/led-drivers/)
- [How To](https://electronicsbeliever.com/category/how-to/)
- [Flyback Converter](https://electronicsbeliever.com/category/flyback-converter/)
- [Quasi Resonant Flyback](https://electronicsbeliever.com/category/quasi-resonant-flyback/)
- [Inverting Buck-Boost](https://electronicsbeliever.com/category/power-electronics/inverting-buck-boost/)
- [General Knowledge](https://electronicsbeliever.com/category/general-knowledge/)
- [Design Template](https://electronicsbeliever.com/category/design-template/)
- [Troubleshooting](https://electronicsbeliever.com/category/troubleshooting/)
- [Diode](https://electronicsbeliever.com/category/electronics/diode/)

## Tags

- [BJT](https://electronicsbeliever.com/tag/bjt/)
- [Opto](https://electronicsbeliever.com/tag/opto/)
- [Saturation](https://electronicsbeliever.com/tag/saturation/)
- [SMPS](https://electronicsbeliever.com/tag/smps/)
- [LTSpice](https://electronicsbeliever.com/tag/ltspice/)
- [Mathcad](https://electronicsbeliever.com/tag/mathcad/)
- [feedback network](https://electronicsbeliever.com/tag/feedback-network/)
- [opto feedback network](https://electronicsbeliever.com/tag/opto-feedback-network/)
- [Mathcad tutorials for beginners](https://electronicsbeliever.com/tag/mathcad-tutorials-for-beginners/) - Mathcad tutorials for beginners
- [Mathcad tutorials made simple](https://electronicsbeliever.com/tag/mathcad-tutorials-made-simple/)
- [How to analyze optocoupler in feedback network](https://electronicsbeliever.com/tag/how-to-analyze-optocoupler-in-feedback-network/)
- [Comprehensive MOSFET Relay Driver Design](https://electronicsbeliever.com/tag/comprehensive-mosfet-relay-driver-design/)
- [MOSFET relay driver](https://electronicsbeliever.com/tag/mosfet-relay-driver/)
- [relay driver](https://electronicsbeliever.com/tag/relay-driver/)
- [MOSFET driver](https://electronicsbeliever.com/tag/mosfet-driver/)
- [MOSFET](https://electronicsbeliever.com/tag/mosfet/)
- [comprehensive mosfet driver](https://electronicsbeliever.com/tag/comprehensive-mosfet-driver/)
- [Low side driver](https://electronicsbeliever.com/tag/low-side-driver/)
- [low side relay driver](https://electronicsbeliever.com/tag/low-side-relay-driver/)
- [relay](https://electronicsbeliever.com/tag/relay/)
- [MOSFET Efficiency Dictating Factors for Switching Converters](https://electronicsbeliever.com/tag/mosfet-efficiency-dictating-factors-for-switching-converters/)
- [MOSFET Efficiency Dictating Factors](https://electronicsbeliever.com/tag/mosfet-efficiency-dictating-factors/)
- [MOSFET Efficiency Factors](https://electronicsbeliever.com/tag/mosfet-efficiency-factors/)
- [mosfet power losses](https://electronicsbeliever.com/tag/mosfet-power-losses/)
- [mosfet power loss](https://electronicsbeliever.com/tag/mosfet-power-loss/)
- [mosfet power loss for switching converters](https://electronicsbeliever.com/tag/mosfet-power-loss-for-switching-converters/)
- [mosfet power loss computaation](https://electronicsbeliever.com/tag/mosfet-power-loss-computaation/)
- [mosfet efficiency](https://electronicsbeliever.com/tag/mosfet-efficiency/)
- [mosfet efficiency determining factors](https://electronicsbeliever.com/tag/mosfet-efficiency-determining-factors/)
- [power loss of mosfet](https://electronicsbeliever.com/tag/power-loss-of-mosfet/)
- [power loss formula of mosfet](https://electronicsbeliever.com/tag/power-loss-formula-of-mosfet/)
- [power loss equation of mosfet](https://electronicsbeliever.com/tag/power-loss-equation-of-mosfet/)
- [efficiency off mosfet](https://electronicsbeliever.com/tag/efficiency-off-mosfet/)
- [mosfet power loss analysis](https://electronicsbeliever.com/tag/mosfet-power-loss-analysis/)
- [mosfet rdson](https://electronicsbeliever.com/tag/mosfet-rdson/)
- [mosfet coss](https://electronicsbeliever.com/tag/mosfet-coss/)
- [mosfet gate charge](https://electronicsbeliever.com/tag/mosfet-gate-charge/)
- [coss](https://electronicsbeliever.com/tag/coss/)
- [gate charge](https://electronicsbeliever.com/tag/gate-charge/)
- [rdson](https://electronicsbeliever.com/tag/rdson/)
- [optocoupler](https://electronicsbeliever.com/tag/optocoupler/)
- [optocoupler feedback](https://electronicsbeliever.com/tag/optocoupler-feedback/)
- [optocoupler circuit](https://electronicsbeliever.com/tag/optocoupler-circuit/)
- [CTR margin](https://electronicsbeliever.com/tag/ctr-margin/)
- [CTR](https://electronicsbeliever.com/tag/ctr/)
- [current transfer ratio](https://electronicsbeliever.com/tag/current-transfer-ratio/)
- [Current Transfer Ratio Detailed Explanation](https://electronicsbeliever.com/tag/current-transfer-ratio-detailed-explanation/)
- [CTR Explanation](https://electronicsbeliever.com/tag/ctr-explanation/)
- [CTR of opto](https://electronicsbeliever.com/tag/ctr-of-opto/)
- [CTR of optocoupler](https://electronicsbeliever.com/tag/ctr-of-optocoupler/)
- [Discussing CTR](https://electronicsbeliever.com/tag/discussing-ctr/)
- [Complete CTR Discussion](https://electronicsbeliever.com/tag/complete-ctr-discussion/)
- [Explaining CTR](https://electronicsbeliever.com/tag/explaining-ctr/)
- [Optocoupler CTR](https://electronicsbeliever.com/tag/optocoupler-ctr/)
- [What is CTR](https://electronicsbeliever.com/tag/what-is-ctr/)
- [CTR tutorials](https://electronicsbeliever.com/tag/ctr-tutorials/)
- [CTR explained](https://electronicsbeliever.com/tag/ctr-explained/)
- [Comprehensive CTR explanation](https://electronicsbeliever.com/tag/comprehensive-ctr-explanation/)
- [How CTR Computed](https://electronicsbeliever.com/tag/how-ctr-computed/)
- [How to compute device CTR](https://electronicsbeliever.com/tag/how-to-compute-device-ctr/)
- [Device CTR factors](https://electronicsbeliever.com/tag/device-ctr-factors/)
- [Opto CTR derating](https://electronicsbeliever.com/tag/opto-ctr-derating/)
- [CTR derating factors](https://electronicsbeliever.com/tag/ctr-derating-factors/)
- [Effect of forward current on CTR](https://electronicsbeliever.com/tag/effect-of-forward-current-on-ctr/)
- [Effect of operating temperature on CTR](https://electronicsbeliever.com/tag/effect-of-operating-temperature-on-ctr/)
- [Effect of aging on CTR](https://electronicsbeliever.com/tag/effect-of-aging-on-ctr/)
- [opto isolator](https://electronicsbeliever.com/tag/opto-isolator/)
- [BJT operation modes](https://electronicsbeliever.com/tag/bjt-operation-modes/)
- [what are the operation of BJT](https://electronicsbeliever.com/tag/what-are-the-operation-of-bjt/)
- [saturation mode](https://electronicsbeliever.com/tag/saturation-mode/)
- [BJT saturation](https://electronicsbeliever.com/tag/bjt-saturation/)
- [BJT linear mode](https://electronicsbeliever.com/tag/bjt-linear-mode/)
- [how to drive a BJT into saturation](https://electronicsbeliever.com/tag/how-to-drive-a-bjt-into-saturation/)
- [BJT at cut-off](https://electronicsbeliever.com/tag/bjt-at-cut-off/)
- [Relay kickback voltage](https://electronicsbeliever.com/tag/relay-kickback-voltage/)
- [surge voltage og relay](https://electronicsbeliever.com/tag/surge-voltage-og-relay/)
- [reverse voltage of relay](https://electronicsbeliever.com/tag/reverse-voltage-of-relay/)
- [spike voltage of relay](https://electronicsbeliever.com/tag/spike-voltage-of-relay/)
- [relay surge voltage on turns off](https://electronicsbeliever.com/tag/relay-surge-voltage-on-turns-off/)
- [relay spike voltage](https://electronicsbeliever.com/tag/relay-spike-voltage/)
- [relay spike voltage at turn off](https://electronicsbeliever.com/tag/relay-spike-voltage-at-turn-off/)
- [relay kickback voltage analysis](https://electronicsbeliever.com/tag/relay-kickback-voltage-analysis/)
- [turn off voltage of a relay](https://electronicsbeliever.com/tag/turn-off-voltage-of-a-relay/)
- [inductor kickback voltage](https://electronicsbeliever.com/tag/inductor-kickback-voltage/)
- [inductor spike voltage](https://electronicsbeliever.com/tag/inductor-spike-voltage/)
- [inductor surge voltage](https://electronicsbeliever.com/tag/inductor-surge-voltage/)
- [kickback voltage](https://electronicsbeliever.com/tag/kickback-voltage/)
- [spike voltage](https://electronicsbeliever.com/tag/spike-voltage/)
- [mosfet drain voltage](https://electronicsbeliever.com/tag/mosfet-drain-voltage/)
- [mosfet voltage stress](https://electronicsbeliever.com/tag/mosfet-voltage-stress/)
- [relay voltage ringing](https://electronicsbeliever.com/tag/relay-voltage-ringing/)
- [what is a mosfet relay driver](https://electronicsbeliever.com/tag/what-is-a-mosfet-relay-driver/)
- [how a mosfet relay driver works](https://electronicsbeliever.com/tag/how-a-mosfet-relay-driver-works/)
- [Advantage of MOSFET over diode](https://electronicsbeliever.com/tag/advantage-of-mosfet-over-diode/)
- [Power saver](https://electronicsbeliever.com/tag/power-saver/)
- [advantage of mosfet over bjt](https://electronicsbeliever.com/tag/advantage-of-mosfet-over-bjt/)
- [MOSFET Advantages Over BJT](https://electronicsbeliever.com/tag/mosfet-advantages-over-bjt/)
- [MOSFET Advantages Over BJT in Switching Converters](https://electronicsbeliever.com/tag/mosfet-advantages-over-bjt-in-switching-converters/)
- [mosfet versus bjt](https://electronicsbeliever.com/tag/mosfet-versus-bjt/)
- [mosfet over bjt](https://electronicsbeliever.com/tag/mosfet-over-bjt/)
- [photocoupler](https://electronicsbeliever.com/tag/photocoupler/)
- [optocoupler current transfer ratio](https://electronicsbeliever.com/tag/optocoupler-current-transfer-ratio/)
- [how optocoupler works](https://electronicsbeliever.com/tag/how-optocoupler-works/)
- [hard saturation](https://electronicsbeliever.com/tag/hard-saturation/)
- [how to drive transistor into hard saturation](https://electronicsbeliever.com/tag/how-to-drive-transistor-into-hard-saturation/)
- [transistor saturation](https://electronicsbeliever.com/tag/transistor-saturation/)
- [circuit saturation](https://electronicsbeliever.com/tag/circuit-saturation/)
- [fuse operation and principles](https://electronicsbeliever.com/tag/fuse-operation-and-principles/)
- [fuse rating](https://electronicsbeliever.com/tag/fuse-rating/)
- [fuse operation](https://electronicsbeliever.com/tag/fuse-operation/)
- [fuse principles](https://electronicsbeliever.com/tag/fuse-principles/)
- [fuse basics](https://electronicsbeliever.com/tag/fuse-basics/)
- [fuse fundamentals](https://electronicsbeliever.com/tag/fuse-fundamentals/)
- [how fuse works](https://electronicsbeliever.com/tag/how-fuse-works/)
- [fuse discussion](https://electronicsbeliever.com/tag/fuse-discussion/)
- [fuse analysis](https://electronicsbeliever.com/tag/fuse-analysis/)
- [how to select a fuse](https://electronicsbeliever.com/tag/how-to-select-a-fuse/)
- [fuse selection guide](https://electronicsbeliever.com/tag/fuse-selection-guide/)
- [fuse selection guidelines](https://electronicsbeliever.com/tag/fuse-selection-guidelines/)
- [circuit analysis methods](https://electronicsbeliever.com/tag/circuit-analysis-methods/)
- [circuit analysis](https://electronicsbeliever.com/tag/circuit-analysis/)
- [circuits](https://electronicsbeliever.com/tag/circuits/)
- [electrical circuits](https://electronicsbeliever.com/tag/electrical-circuits/)
- [Fuse ratings](https://electronicsbeliever.com/tag/fuse-ratings/)
- [fuse electrical parameters](https://electronicsbeliever.com/tag/fuse-electrical-parameters/)
- [fuse parameters](https://electronicsbeliever.com/tag/fuse-parameters/)
- [fuse design consideration](https://electronicsbeliever.com/tag/fuse-design-consideration/)
- [fuse](https://electronicsbeliever.com/tag/fuse/)
- [resistor parameters](https://electronicsbeliever.com/tag/resistor-parameters/)
- [charging capacitor](https://electronicsbeliever.com/tag/charging-capacitor/)
- [charging capacitive circuits](https://electronicsbeliever.com/tag/charging-capacitive-circuits/)
- [capacitive circuits](https://electronicsbeliever.com/tag/capacitive-circuits/)
- [time constant](https://electronicsbeliever.com/tag/time-constant/)
- [charging a capacitor](https://electronicsbeliever.com/tag/charging-a-capacitor/)
- [discharging a capacitor](https://electronicsbeliever.com/tag/discharging-a-capacitor/)
- [charging the capacitor](https://electronicsbeliever.com/tag/charging-the-capacitor/)
- [discharging the capacitor](https://electronicsbeliever.com/tag/discharging-the-capacitor/)
- [capacitive](https://electronicsbeliever.com/tag/capacitive/)
- [charging circuits](https://electronicsbeliever.com/tag/charging-circuits/)
- [discharging circuits](https://electronicsbeliever.com/tag/discharging-circuits/)
- [how charging and discharging capacitor works](https://electronicsbeliever.com/tag/how-charging-and-discharging-capacitor-works/)
- [charging capacitor detailed explanation](https://electronicsbeliever.com/tag/charging-capacitor-detailed-explanation/)
- [discharging capacitor detailed explanation](https://electronicsbeliever.com/tag/discharging-capacitor-detailed-explanation/)
- [how to analyse optocoupler circuit](https://electronicsbeliever.com/tag/how-to-analyse-optocoupler-circuit/)
- [optocoupler circuit analysis](https://electronicsbeliever.com/tag/optocoupler-circuit-analysis/)
- [Control system design using matlab](https://electronicsbeliever.com/tag/control-system-design-using-matlab/)
- [control system](https://electronicsbeliever.com/tag/control-system/)
- [control system design](https://electronicsbeliever.com/tag/control-system-design/)
- [how to design a control system in matlab](https://electronicsbeliever.com/tag/how-to-design-a-control-system-in-matlab/)
- [step by step control design using matlab](https://electronicsbeliever.com/tag/step-by-step-control-design-using-matlab/)
- [step by step control system design](https://electronicsbeliever.com/tag/step-by-step-control-system-design/)
- [step by step control design](https://electronicsbeliever.com/tag/step-by-step-control-design/)
- [control design using SISO](https://electronicsbeliever.com/tag/control-design-using-siso/)
- [matlab siso tutorials](https://electronicsbeliever.com/tag/matlab-siso-tutorials/)
- [step by step control design in matlab](https://electronicsbeliever.com/tag/step-by-step-control-design-in-matlab/)
- [switch mode power supply](https://electronicsbeliever.com/tag/switch-mode-power-supply/)
- [ltspice simulation tutorials](https://electronicsbeliever.com/tag/ltspice-simulation-tutorials/)
- [how to use ltspice](https://electronicsbeliever.com/tag/how-to-use-ltspice/)
- [ltspice simulation](https://electronicsbeliever.com/tag/ltspice-simulation/)
- [beginners guide in ltspice](https://electronicsbeliever.com/tag/beginners-guide-in-ltspice/)
- [ltspice software](https://electronicsbeliever.com/tag/ltspice-software/)
- [ltspice circuit simulator](https://electronicsbeliever.com/tag/ltspice-circuit-simulator/)
- [mathcad simulation](https://electronicsbeliever.com/tag/mathcad-simulation/)
- [mathcad tutorials](https://electronicsbeliever.com/tag/mathcad-tutorials/)
- [Switch Mode power supply efficiency](https://electronicsbeliever.com/tag/switch-mode-power-supply-efficiency/)
- [linear power supply efficiency](https://electronicsbeliever.com/tag/linear-power-supply-efficiency/)
- [Simulink](https://electronicsbeliever.com/tag/simulink/)
- [Simulink Control Design](https://electronicsbeliever.com/tag/simulink-control-design/)
- [Bode Plot](https://electronicsbeliever.com/tag/bode-plot/)
- [Gain Margin](https://electronicsbeliever.com/tag/gain-margin/)
- [Phase Margin](https://electronicsbeliever.com/tag/phase-margin/)
- [monte carlo method](https://electronicsbeliever.com/tag/monte-carlo-method/)
- [good circuit simulation tool](https://electronicsbeliever.com/tag/good-circuit-simulation-tool/)
- [Monte carlo](https://electronicsbeliever.com/tag/monte-carlo/)
- [monte carlo simulation](https://electronicsbeliever.com/tag/monte-carlo-simulation/)
- [matlab control system toolbox](https://electronicsbeliever.com/tag/matlab-control-system-toolbox/)
- [control system toolbox](https://electronicsbeliever.com/tag/control-system-toolbox/)
- [SISO tool](https://electronicsbeliever.com/tag/siso-tool/)
- [Root Locus Editor](https://electronicsbeliever.com/tag/root-locus-editor/)
- [control and estimation tool](https://electronicsbeliever.com/tag/control-and-estimation-tool/)
- [gain and phase margin plot](https://electronicsbeliever.com/tag/gain-and-phase-margin-plot/)
- [simpowersystems](https://electronicsbeliever.com/tag/simpowersystems/)
- [State flow](https://electronicsbeliever.com/tag/state-flow/)
- [Source Current](https://electronicsbeliever.com/tag/source-current/)
- [Sink Current](https://electronicsbeliever.com/tag/sink-current/)
- [Transistor Biasing](https://electronicsbeliever.com/tag/transistor-biasing/)
- [Boost converter](https://electronicsbeliever.com/tag/boost-converter/)
- [duty cycle of boost converter](https://electronicsbeliever.com/tag/duty-cycle-of-boost-converter/)
- [boost converter duty cycle derivation](https://electronicsbeliever.com/tag/boost-converter-duty-cycle-derivation/)
- [how to derive boost converter duty cycle](https://electronicsbeliever.com/tag/how-to-derive-boost-converter-duty-cycle/)
- [Boost converter ripple current equation](https://electronicsbeliever.com/tag/boost-converter-ripple-current-equation/)
- [Boost converter ripple current calculation](https://electronicsbeliever.com/tag/boost-converter-ripple-current-calculation/)
- [How to calculate boost converter ripple current](https://electronicsbeliever.com/tag/how-to-calculate-boost-converter-ripple-current/)
- [Ripple current equation of boost converter](https://electronicsbeliever.com/tag/ripple-current-equation-of-boost-converter/)
- [Boost converter ripple current derivation](https://electronicsbeliever.com/tag/boost-converter-ripple-current-derivation/)
- [how to compute boost converter ripple current](https://electronicsbeliever.com/tag/how-to-compute-boost-converter-ripple-current/)
- [NMOS low side switch design](https://electronicsbeliever.com/tag/nmos-low-side-switch-design/)
- [low side switch](https://electronicsbeliever.com/tag/low-side-switch/)
- [Low side switch design](https://electronicsbeliever.com/tag/low-side-switch-design/)
- [Low side switch design using N channel MOSFET](https://electronicsbeliever.com/tag/low-side-switch-design-using-n-channel-mosfet/)
- [High side driver](https://electronicsbeliever.com/tag/high-side-driver/)
- [high side switch](https://electronicsbeliever.com/tag/high-side-switch/)
- [PMOS high side switch](https://electronicsbeliever.com/tag/pmos-high-side-switch/)
- [high side switch using pmos](https://electronicsbeliever.com/tag/high-side-switch-using-pmos/)
- [ESD](https://electronicsbeliever.com/tag/esd/)
- [ESD Protection](https://electronicsbeliever.com/tag/esd-protection/)
- [Protect device against ESD](https://electronicsbeliever.com/tag/protect-device-against-esd/)
- [how to prevent ESD from damaging devices](https://electronicsbeliever.com/tag/how-to-prevent-esd-from-damaging-devices/)
- [How to know if mosfet is damage](https://electronicsbeliever.com/tag/how-to-know-if-mosfet-is-damage/)
- [how to test MOSFET](https://electronicsbeliever.com/tag/how-to-test-mosfet/)
- [How to check if mosfet is damage](https://electronicsbeliever.com/tag/how-to-check-if-mosfet-is-damage/)
- [rcd clamp](https://electronicsbeliever.com/tag/rcd-clamp/)
- [Open collector](https://electronicsbeliever.com/tag/open-collector/)
- [push-pull](https://electronicsbeliever.com/tag/push-pull/)
- [what is open collector](https://electronicsbeliever.com/tag/what-is-open-collector/)
- [what is push pull](https://electronicsbeliever.com/tag/what-is-push-pull/)
- [what is sink current](https://electronicsbeliever.com/tag/what-is-sink-current/)
- [what is source current](https://electronicsbeliever.com/tag/what-is-source-current/)
- [How much dollars save from unplugging appliances](https://electronicsbeliever.com/tag/how-much-dollars-save-from-unplugging-appliances/)
- [is it worth to unplug appliances when not in use](https://electronicsbeliever.com/tag/is-it-worth-to-unplug-appliances-when-not-in-use/)
- [How much I can save when I unplug my appliances when not in use](https://electronicsbeliever.com/tag/how-much-i-can-save-when-i-unplug-my-appliances-when-not-in-use/)
- [root locus editor tuning](https://electronicsbeliever.com/tag/root-locus-editor-tuning/)
- [control tuning by root locus editor](https://electronicsbeliever.com/tag/control-tuning-by-root-locus-editor/)
- [control tuning using SISO](https://electronicsbeliever.com/tag/control-tuning-using-siso/)
- [root locus editor control tuning in matlab](https://electronicsbeliever.com/tag/root-locus-editor-control-tuning-in-matlab/)
- [low standby power](https://electronicsbeliever.com/tag/low-standby-power/)
- [low no load power](https://electronicsbeliever.com/tag/low-no-load-power/)
- [1.5A Buck Converter](https://electronicsbeliever.com/tag/1-5a-buck-converter/)
- [25V to 5V Buck Converter](https://electronicsbeliever.com/tag/25v-to-5v-buck-converter/)
- [Switching Buck Converter](https://electronicsbeliever.com/tag/switching-buck-converter/)
- [Buck converter using LT1376-5 Controller](https://electronicsbeliever.com/tag/buck-converter-using-lt1376-5-controller/)
- [LT1376-5 Controller](https://electronicsbeliever.com/tag/lt1376-5-controller/)
- [LT1376-5](https://electronicsbeliever.com/tag/lt1376-5/)
- [Control tuning](https://electronicsbeliever.com/tag/control-tuning/)
- [auto tuning](https://electronicsbeliever.com/tag/auto-tuning/)
- [simulink auto tune](https://electronicsbeliever.com/tag/simulink-auto-tune/)
- [automatic control tuning](https://electronicsbeliever.com/tag/automatic-control-tuning/)
- [boost converter ripple current](https://electronicsbeliever.com/tag/boost-converter-ripple-current/)
- [voltage sweep](https://electronicsbeliever.com/tag/voltage-sweep/)
- [voltage sweep in ltspice](https://electronicsbeliever.com/tag/voltage-sweep-in-ltspice/)
- [how to run a voltage sweep in ltspice](https://electronicsbeliever.com/tag/how-to-run-a-voltage-sweep-in-ltspice/)
- [current sweep in ltspice](https://electronicsbeliever.com/tag/current-sweep-in-ltspice/)
- [how sweep current in ltspice](https://electronicsbeliever.com/tag/how-sweep-current-in-ltspice/)
- [ways to sweep current in ltspice](https://electronicsbeliever.com/tag/ways-to-sweep-current-in-ltspice/)
- [how to setup resistance sweep in ltspice](https://electronicsbeliever.com/tag/how-to-setup-resistance-sweep-in-ltspice/)
- [what are the ways to setup resistance sweep in ltspice](https://electronicsbeliever.com/tag/what-are-the-ways-to-setup-resistance-sweep-in-ltspice/)
- [resistance sweep tutorials using ltspice](https://electronicsbeliever.com/tag/resistance-sweep-tutorials-using-ltspice/)
- [resistance sweep in ltspice](https://electronicsbeliever.com/tag/resistance-sweep-in-ltspice/)
- [how to sweep temperature in ltspice](https://electronicsbeliever.com/tag/how-to-sweep-temperature-in-ltspice/)
- [temperature sweep in ltspice](https://electronicsbeliever.com/tag/temperature-sweep-in-ltspice/)
- [ways on how to sweep temperature in ltspice](https://electronicsbeliever.com/tag/ways-on-how-to-sweep-temperature-in-ltspice/)
- [ltspice temperature sweep](https://electronicsbeliever.com/tag/ltspice-temperature-sweep/)
- [linear regulator](https://electronicsbeliever.com/tag/linear-regulator/)
- [how linear regulator works](https://electronicsbeliever.com/tag/how-linear-regulator-works/)
- [operation of a linear regulator](https://electronicsbeliever.com/tag/operation-of-a-linear-regulator/)
- [SMPS regulation](https://electronicsbeliever.com/tag/smps-regulation/)
- [how SMPS regulates](https://electronicsbeliever.com/tag/how-smps-regulates/)
- [switch mode power supply regulation](https://electronicsbeliever.com/tag/switch-mode-power-supply-regulation/)
- [how optocoupler operates](https://electronicsbeliever.com/tag/how-optocoupler-operates/)
- [optocoupler biasing](https://electronicsbeliever.com/tag/optocoupler-biasing/)
- [optocoupler circuits](https://electronicsbeliever.com/tag/optocoupler-circuits/)
- [how to use optocoupler](https://electronicsbeliever.com/tag/how-to-use-optocoupler/)
- [how to bias optocoupler](https://electronicsbeliever.com/tag/how-to-bias-optocoupler/)
- [circuit design using optocoupler](https://electronicsbeliever.com/tag/circuit-design-using-optocoupler/)
- [optoocupler circuits](https://electronicsbeliever.com/tag/optoocupler-circuits/)
- [operating regions of optocoupler](https://electronicsbeliever.com/tag/operating-regions-of-optocoupler/)
- [determine optocoupler operating modes](https://electronicsbeliever.com/tag/determine-optocoupler-operating-modes/)
- [optocoupler operation](https://electronicsbeliever.com/tag/optocoupler-operation/)
- [optocoupler switch](https://electronicsbeliever.com/tag/optocoupler-switch/)
- [how to design an optocoupler switch](https://electronicsbeliever.com/tag/how-to-design-an-optocoupler-switch/)
- [what is optocoupler CTR](https://electronicsbeliever.com/tag/what-is-optocoupler-ctr/)
- [analyze optocoupler circuit](https://electronicsbeliever.com/tag/analyze-optocoupler-circuit/)
- [optocoupler feedback circuit](https://electronicsbeliever.com/tag/optocoupler-feedback-circuit/)
- [Optocoupler application](https://electronicsbeliever.com/tag/optocoupler-application/)
- [usual optocoupler application](https://electronicsbeliever.com/tag/usual-optocoupler-application/)
- [Buck converter duty](https://electronicsbeliever.com/tag/buck-converter-duty/)
- [buck converter duty cycle](https://electronicsbeliever.com/tag/buck-converter-duty-cycle/)
- [buck converter duty cycle computation](https://electronicsbeliever.com/tag/buck-converter-duty-cycle-computation/)
- [buck converter duty cycle formula](https://electronicsbeliever.com/tag/buck-converter-duty-cycle-formula/)
- [derivation of buck converter duty cycle](https://electronicsbeliever.com/tag/derivation-of-buck-converter-duty-cycle/)
- [exact derivation of buck converter duty cycle](https://electronicsbeliever.com/tag/exact-derivation-of-buck-converter-duty-cycle/)
- [Buck converter inductor size](https://electronicsbeliever.com/tag/buck-converter-inductor-size/)
- [buck converter inductor computation](https://electronicsbeliever.com/tag/buck-converter-inductor-computation/)
- [inductor size for buck converter](https://electronicsbeliever.com/tag/inductor-size-for-buck-converter/)
- [buck converter operation modes](https://electronicsbeliever.com/tag/buck-converter-operation-modes/)
- [buck converter ripple current](https://electronicsbeliever.com/tag/buck-converter-ripple-current/)
- [CCM buck converter](https://electronicsbeliever.com/tag/ccm-buck-converter/)
- [DCM buck converter](https://electronicsbeliever.com/tag/dcm-buck-converter/)
- [Monte carlo analysis using ltspice](https://electronicsbeliever.com/tag/monte-carlo-analysis-using-ltspice/)
- [worst case analysis](https://electronicsbeliever.com/tag/worst-case-analysis/)
- [worst case analysis using ltspice](https://electronicsbeliever.com/tag/worst-case-analysis-using-ltspice/)
- [worst case simulation using ltspice](https://electronicsbeliever.com/tag/worst-case-simulation-using-ltspice/)
- [tolerance analysis in ltspice](https://electronicsbeliever.com/tag/tolerance-analysis-in-ltspice/)
- [tolerance simulation in ltspice](https://electronicsbeliever.com/tag/tolerance-simulation-in-ltspice/)
- [tolerance analysis using ltspice](https://electronicsbeliever.com/tag/tolerance-analysis-using-ltspice/)
- [how to compute heat sink thermal resistance](https://electronicsbeliever.com/tag/how-to-compute-heat-sink-thermal-resistance/)
- [how to calculate heat sink thermal resistance](https://electronicsbeliever.com/tag/how-to-calculate-heat-sink-thermal-resistance/)
- [heat sink thermal resistance](https://electronicsbeliever.com/tag/heat-sink-thermal-resistance/)
- [heat sink size for convection](https://electronicsbeliever.com/tag/heat-sink-size-for-convection/)
- [heat sink thermal resistance needed](https://electronicsbeliever.com/tag/heat-sink-thermal-resistance-needed/)
- [how to compute the thermal resistance of heat sink](https://electronicsbeliever.com/tag/how-to-compute-the-thermal-resistance-of-heat-sink/)
- [MOSFET thermal resistance](https://electronicsbeliever.com/tag/mosfet-thermal-resistance/)
- [diodes thermal resistance](https://electronicsbeliever.com/tag/diodes-thermal-resistance/)
- [transistor thermal resistance](https://electronicsbeliever.com/tag/transistor-thermal-resistance/)
- [Heat sink size](https://electronicsbeliever.com/tag/heat-sink-size/)
- [thermal resistance of heat sink calculation](https://electronicsbeliever.com/tag/thermal-resistance-of-heat-sink-calculation/)
- [understanding heat sink thermal resistance](https://electronicsbeliever.com/tag/understanding-heat-sink-thermal-resistance/)
- [selecting heat sink](https://electronicsbeliever.com/tag/selecting-heat-sink/)
- [sizing heat sink](https://electronicsbeliever.com/tag/sizing-heat-sink/)
- [minimum heat sink size](https://electronicsbeliever.com/tag/minimum-heat-sink-size/)
- [tips on selecting a fuse](https://electronicsbeliever.com/tag/tips-on-selecting-a-fuse/)
- [how to use fuse](https://electronicsbeliever.com/tag/how-to-use-fuse/)
- [using a fuse](https://electronicsbeliever.com/tag/using-a-fuse/)
- [correct way of using a fuse](https://electronicsbeliever.com/tag/correct-way-of-using-a-fuse/)
- [power factor](https://electronicsbeliever.com/tag/power-factor/)
- [How to determine transistor operation mode](https://electronicsbeliever.com/tag/how-to-determine-transistor-operation-mode/)
- [operation mode of transistors](https://electronicsbeliever.com/tag/operation-mode-of-transistors/)
- [transistor mode of operations](https://electronicsbeliever.com/tag/transistor-mode-of-operations/)
- [transistor operation mode determination](https://electronicsbeliever.com/tag/transistor-operation-mode-determination/)
- [power factor correction](https://electronicsbeliever.com/tag/power-factor-correction/)
- [energy saver](https://electronicsbeliever.com/tag/energy-saver/)
- [energy saving box](https://electronicsbeliever.com/tag/energy-saving-box/)
- [power saving box](https://electronicsbeliever.com/tag/power-saving-box/)
- [snubber design](https://electronicsbeliever.com/tag/snubber-design/)
- [rc snubber](https://electronicsbeliever.com/tag/rc-snubber/)
- [switching power supplies](https://electronicsbeliever.com/tag/switching-power-supplies/)
- [switching mode power supply](https://electronicsbeliever.com/tag/switching-mode-power-supply/)
- [switching power supply operation](https://electronicsbeliever.com/tag/switching-power-supply-operation/)
- [switching power supply principle](https://electronicsbeliever.com/tag/switching-power-supply-principle/)
- [SMPS operation](https://electronicsbeliever.com/tag/smps-operation/)
- [SMPS principle](https://electronicsbeliever.com/tag/smps-principle/)
- [switch mode power supply operation](https://electronicsbeliever.com/tag/switch-mode-power-supply-operation/)
- [Switch mode supply](https://electronicsbeliever.com/tag/switch-mode-supply/)
- [protecting sensitive devices from ESD](https://electronicsbeliever.com/tag/protecting-sensitive-devices-from-esd/)
- [ESD protections](https://electronicsbeliever.com/tag/esd-protections/)
- [capacitor to protect esd](https://electronicsbeliever.com/tag/capacitor-to-protect-esd/)
- [capacitor for ESD](https://electronicsbeliever.com/tag/capacitor-for-esd/)
- [use capacitor for ESD protection](https://electronicsbeliever.com/tag/use-capacitor-for-esd-protection/)
- [Charger design](https://electronicsbeliever.com/tag/charger-design/)
- [low cost charger](https://electronicsbeliever.com/tag/low-cost-charger/)
- [AC-DC charger](https://electronicsbeliever.com/tag/ac-dc-charger/)
- [cell phone charger](https://electronicsbeliever.com/tag/cell-phone-charger/)
- [5 Watts Flyback](https://electronicsbeliever.com/tag/5-watts-flyback/)
- [5 Watts AC-DC charger](https://electronicsbeliever.com/tag/5-watts-ac-dc-charger/)
- [ACDC simulation i ltspice](https://electronicsbeliever.com/tag/acdc-simulation-i-ltspice/)
- [acdc circuit in ltspice](https://electronicsbeliever.com/tag/acdc-circuit-in-ltspice/)
- [simulate acdc linear power supply](https://electronicsbeliever.com/tag/simulate-acdc-linear-power-supply/)
- [how to simulate acdc linear power supply in ltspice](https://electronicsbeliever.com/tag/how-to-simulate-acdc-linear-power-supply-in-ltspice/)
- [linear acdc in ltspice](https://electronicsbeliever.com/tag/linear-acdc-in-ltspice/)
- [Transformer in LTspice](https://electronicsbeliever.com/tag/transformer-in-ltspice/)
- [how to make a transformer in LTSpice](https://electronicsbeliever.com/tag/how-to-make-a-transformer-in-ltspice/)
- [LTspice transformer model](https://electronicsbeliever.com/tag/ltspice-transformer-model/)
- [ltspice and transformer](https://electronicsbeliever.com/tag/ltspice-and-transformer/)
- [NPN Transistor circuits](https://electronicsbeliever.com/tag/npn-transistor-circuits/)
- [npn transistor applications](https://electronicsbeliever.com/tag/npn-transistor-applications/)
- [npn transistor uses](https://electronicsbeliever.com/tag/npn-transistor-uses/)
- [npn transistor relay driver](https://electronicsbeliever.com/tag/npn-transistor-relay-driver/)
- [npn transistor biasing](https://electronicsbeliever.com/tag/npn-transistor-biasing/)
- [Surge suppressor](https://electronicsbeliever.com/tag/surge-suppressor/)
- [transient suppressor](https://electronicsbeliever.com/tag/transient-suppressor/)
- [voltage spike](https://electronicsbeliever.com/tag/voltage-spike/)
- [voltage surge](https://electronicsbeliever.com/tag/voltage-surge/)
- [surge protection](https://electronicsbeliever.com/tag/surge-protection/)
- [surge protection device](https://electronicsbeliever.com/tag/surge-protection-device/)
- [snubber](https://electronicsbeliever.com/tag/snubber/)
- [snubber circuits](https://electronicsbeliever.com/tag/snubber-circuits/)
- [Shielding](https://electronicsbeliever.com/tag/shielding/)
- [EMC and shield](https://electronicsbeliever.com/tag/emc-and-shield/)
- [EMI shielding](https://electronicsbeliever.com/tag/emi-shielding/)
- [LED driver](https://electronicsbeliever.com/tag/led-driver/)
- [LED lights](https://electronicsbeliever.com/tag/led-lights/)
- [LED lamps](https://electronicsbeliever.com/tag/led-lamps/)
- [LED](https://electronicsbeliever.com/tag/led/)
- [LED technology](https://electronicsbeliever.com/tag/led-technology/)
- [LED circuits](https://electronicsbeliever.com/tag/led-circuits/)
- [switching converter](https://electronicsbeliever.com/tag/switching-converter/)
- [switching power supply](https://electronicsbeliever.com/tag/switching-power-supply/)
- [wireless charger](https://electronicsbeliever.com/tag/wireless-charger/)
- [charger](https://electronicsbeliever.com/tag/charger/)
- [phone charger](https://electronicsbeliever.com/tag/phone-charger/)
- [wireless charging station](https://electronicsbeliever.com/tag/wireless-charging-station/)
- [power bank](https://electronicsbeliever.com/tag/power-bank/)
- [power banks](https://electronicsbeliever.com/tag/power-banks/)
- [what is power bank](https://electronicsbeliever.com/tag/what-is-power-bank/)
- [power bank principle](https://electronicsbeliever.com/tag/power-bank-principle/)
- [power bank selection guide](https://electronicsbeliever.com/tag/power-bank-selection-guide/)
- [electric meter reading](https://electronicsbeliever.com/tag/electric-meter-reading/)
- [electric meter explanations](https://electronicsbeliever.com/tag/electric-meter-explanations/)
- [how to read electric meter](https://electronicsbeliever.com/tag/how-to-read-electric-meter/)
- [power factor circuit](https://electronicsbeliever.com/tag/power-factor-circuit/)
- [purpose of power factor](https://electronicsbeliever.com/tag/purpose-of-power-factor/)
- [what is power factor](https://electronicsbeliever.com/tag/what-is-power-factor/)
- [Relay Troubleshooting](https://electronicsbeliever.com/tag/relay-troubleshooting/)
- [defective relay](https://electronicsbeliever.com/tag/defective-relay/)
- [relay circuit](https://electronicsbeliever.com/tag/relay-circuit/)
- [damaged relay](https://electronicsbeliever.com/tag/damaged-relay/)
- [relay resistance](https://electronicsbeliever.com/tag/relay-resistance/)
- [relay contact resistance](https://electronicsbeliever.com/tag/relay-contact-resistance/)
- [relay coil](https://electronicsbeliever.com/tag/relay-coil/)
- [bad relay](https://electronicsbeliever.com/tag/bad-relay/)
- [faulty relay](https://electronicsbeliever.com/tag/faulty-relay/)
- [how to know a bad relay](https://electronicsbeliever.com/tag/how-to-know-a-bad-relay/)
- [how to diagnose a bad relay](https://electronicsbeliever.com/tag/how-to-diagnose-a-bad-relay/)
- [how to troubleshoot a relay](https://electronicsbeliever.com/tag/how-to-troubleshoot-a-relay/)
- [how to know a faulty relay](https://electronicsbeliever.com/tag/how-to-know-a-faulty-relay/)
- [bad relay testing](https://electronicsbeliever.com/tag/bad-relay-testing/)
- [bad relay diagnosis](https://electronicsbeliever.com/tag/bad-relay-diagnosis/)
- [defective transistor](https://electronicsbeliever.com/tag/defective-transistor/)
- [bad transistor](https://electronicsbeliever.com/tag/bad-transistor/)
- [faulty transistor](https://electronicsbeliever.com/tag/faulty-transistor/)
- [how to diagnose a transistor](https://electronicsbeliever.com/tag/how-to-diagnose-a-transistor/)
- [troubleshoot defective transistor](https://electronicsbeliever.com/tag/troubleshoot-defective-transistor/)
- [transistor failure mode](https://electronicsbeliever.com/tag/transistor-failure-mode/)
- [defective transistor analysis](https://electronicsbeliever.com/tag/defective-transistor-analysis/)
- [Inverter aircon](https://electronicsbeliever.com/tag/inverter-aircon/)
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- [inverter aircon savings](https://electronicsbeliever.com/tag/inverter-aircon-savings/)
- [how much saving on inverter aircon](https://electronicsbeliever.com/tag/how-much-saving-on-inverter-aircon/)
- [Power mosfet](https://electronicsbeliever.com/tag/power-mosfet/)
- [mosfet design equation](https://electronicsbeliever.com/tag/mosfet-design-equation/)
- [mosfet equation](https://electronicsbeliever.com/tag/mosfet-equation/)
- [how much savings on inverter aircon](https://electronicsbeliever.com/tag/how-much-savings-on-inverter-aircon/)
- [inverter aircon bill savings](https://electronicsbeliever.com/tag/inverter-aircon-bill-savings/)
- [money savings inverter aircon](https://electronicsbeliever.com/tag/money-savings-inverter-aircon/)
- [Diode troubleshooting](https://electronicsbeliever.com/tag/diode-troubleshooting/)
- [defective diode](https://electronicsbeliever.com/tag/defective-diode/)
- [defective diode troubleshooting](https://electronicsbeliever.com/tag/defective-diode-troubleshooting/)
- [how to determine a defective diode](https://electronicsbeliever.com/tag/how-to-determine-a-defective-diode/)
- [how to diagnose a defective diode](https://electronicsbeliever.com/tag/how-to-diagnose-a-defective-diode/)
- [defective diode testing](https://electronicsbeliever.com/tag/defective-diode-testing/)
- [how to test defective diode](https://electronicsbeliever.com/tag/how-to-test-defective-diode/)
- [diode testing](https://electronicsbeliever.com/tag/diode-testing/)
- [buck converter design tutorial](https://electronicsbeliever.com/tag/buck-converter-design-tutorial/)
- [buck converter design](https://electronicsbeliever.com/tag/buck-converter-design/)
- [buck converter](https://electronicsbeliever.com/tag/buck-converter/)
- [buck converter equation derivation](https://electronicsbeliever.com/tag/buck-converter-equation-derivation/)
- [buck converter analysis](https://electronicsbeliever.com/tag/buck-converter-analysis/)
- [switching voltage regulator](https://electronicsbeliever.com/tag/switching-voltage-regulator/)
- [boost converter design template](https://electronicsbeliever.com/tag/boost-converter-design-template/)
- [buck converter design template](https://electronicsbeliever.com/tag/buck-converter-design-template/)
- [Electrolytic capacitor](https://electronicsbeliever.com/tag/electrolytic-capacitor/)
- [ceramic capacitor](https://electronicsbeliever.com/tag/ceramic-capacitor/)
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- [capacitor life](https://electronicsbeliever.com/tag/capacitor-life/)
- [capacitor voltage](https://electronicsbeliever.com/tag/capacitor-voltage/)
- [capacitor ripple current](https://electronicsbeliever.com/tag/capacitor-ripple-current/)
- [capacitor tolerance](https://electronicsbeliever.com/tag/capacitor-tolerance/)
- [SMD capacitor](https://electronicsbeliever.com/tag/smd-capacitor/)
- [through hole capacitor](https://electronicsbeliever.com/tag/through-hole-capacitor/)
- [Resistor](https://electronicsbeliever.com/tag/resistor/)
- [resistor types](https://electronicsbeliever.com/tag/resistor-types/)
- [resistor rating](https://electronicsbeliever.com/tag/resistor-rating/)
- [power rating resistor](https://electronicsbeliever.com/tag/power-rating-resistor/)
- [voltage rating resistor](https://electronicsbeliever.com/tag/voltage-rating-resistor/)
- [resistor power rating](https://electronicsbeliever.com/tag/resistor-power-rating/)
- [resistor power dissipation](https://electronicsbeliever.com/tag/resistor-power-dissipation/)
- [resistor voltage rating](https://electronicsbeliever.com/tag/resistor-voltage-rating/)
- [Temperature coefficient](https://electronicsbeliever.com/tag/temperature-coefficient/)
- [resistor tolerance](https://electronicsbeliever.com/tag/resistor-tolerance/)
- [resistor package](https://electronicsbeliever.com/tag/resistor-package/)
- [SMD resistor](https://electronicsbeliever.com/tag/smd-resistor/)
- [chip resistor](https://electronicsbeliever.com/tag/chip-resistor/)
- [wirewound resistor](https://electronicsbeliever.com/tag/wirewound-resistor/)
- [film resistor](https://electronicsbeliever.com/tag/film-resistor/)
- [through hole resistor](https://electronicsbeliever.com/tag/through-hole-resistor/)
- [power resistor](https://electronicsbeliever.com/tag/power-resistor/)
- [flyback converter](https://electronicsbeliever.com/tag/flyback-converter/)
- [quasi-resonant flyback](https://electronicsbeliever.com/tag/quasi-resonant-flyback/)
- [flyback operation](https://electronicsbeliever.com/tag/flyback-operation/)
- [flyback principle](https://electronicsbeliever.com/tag/flyback-principle/)
- [QR flyback operation mode](https://electronicsbeliever.com/tag/qr-flyback-operation-mode/)
- [quasi resonant flyback convert](https://electronicsbeliever.com/tag/quasi-resonant-flyback-convert/)
- [how quasi resonant flyback works](https://electronicsbeliever.com/tag/how-quasi-resonant-flyback-works/)
- [quasi resonant flyback operating modes](https://electronicsbeliever.com/tag/quasi-resonant-flyback-operating-modes/)
- [quasi resonant flyback step by step design guide](https://electronicsbeliever.com/tag/quasi-resonant-flyback-step-by-step-design-guide/)
- [MOSFET Reverse Battery Protection](https://electronicsbeliever.com/tag/mosfet-reverse-battery-protection/)
- [mosfet as reverse battery protection](https://electronicsbeliever.com/tag/mosfet-as-reverse-battery-protection/)
- [how to use mosfet as reverse battery protection](https://electronicsbeliever.com/tag/how-to-use-mosfet-as-reverse-battery-protection/)
- [NMOS reverse battery protection](https://electronicsbeliever.com/tag/nmos-reverse-battery-protection/)
- [PMOS reverse battery protection](https://electronicsbeliever.com/tag/pmos-reverse-battery-protection/)
- [N-channel mosfet reverse battery protection](https://electronicsbeliever.com/tag/n-channel-mosfet-reverse-battery-protection/)
- [P-channel mosfet reverse battery protection](https://electronicsbeliever.com/tag/p-channel-mosfet-reverse-battery-protection/)
- [Flyback Saturation](https://electronicsbeliever.com/tag/flyback-saturation/)
- [Flyback transformer](https://electronicsbeliever.com/tag/flyback-transformer/)
- [flyback transformer saturation analysis](https://electronicsbeliever.com/tag/flyback-transformer-saturation-analysis/)
- [how to analyze flyback transformer saturation](https://electronicsbeliever.com/tag/how-to-analyze-flyback-transformer-saturation/)
- [Buck-boost](https://electronicsbeliever.com/tag/buck-boost/)
- [inverting buck-boost](https://electronicsbeliever.com/tag/inverting-buck-boost/)
- [inverting buck-boost converter](https://electronicsbeliever.com/tag/inverting-buck-boost-converter/)
- [inverting buck boost](https://electronicsbeliever.com/tag/inverting-buck-boost-2/)
- [inverting buck boost converter](https://electronicsbeliever.com/tag/inverting-buck-boost-converter-2/)
- [inverting buck boost design guide](https://electronicsbeliever.com/tag/inverting-buck-boost-design-guide/)
- [inverting buck boost design step by step](https://electronicsbeliever.com/tag/inverting-buck-boost-design-step-by-step/)
- [buck boost design guide](https://electronicsbeliever.com/tag/buck-boost-design-guide/)
- [inverting buck-boost step by step design guide](https://electronicsbeliever.com/tag/inverting-buck-boost-step-by-step-design-guide/)
- [buck-boost design tutorial](https://electronicsbeliever.com/tag/buck-boost-design-tutorial/)
- [Boost converter inductor](https://electronicsbeliever.com/tag/boost-converter-inductor/)
- [boost converter inductance](https://electronicsbeliever.com/tag/boost-converter-inductance/)
- [select boost converter inductor](https://electronicsbeliever.com/tag/select-boost-converter-inductor/)
- [testing dcdc converter](https://electronicsbeliever.com/tag/testing-dcdc-converter/)
- [how to test dcdc converter](https://electronicsbeliever.com/tag/how-to-test-dcdc-converter/)
- [how to troubleshoot dcdc converter](https://electronicsbeliever.com/tag/how-to-troubleshoot-dcdc-converter/)
- [how to validate dcdc converter](https://electronicsbeliever.com/tag/how-to-validate-dcdc-converter/)
- [powerup dcdc converter](https://electronicsbeliever.com/tag/powerup-dcdc-converter/)
- [reliability test dcdc converter](https://electronicsbeliever.com/tag/reliability-test-dcdc-converter/)
- [burnin and thermal test dcdc converter](https://electronicsbeliever.com/tag/burnin-and-thermal-test-dcdc-converter/)
- [junction temperature](https://electronicsbeliever.com/tag/junction-temperature/)
- [case temperature](https://electronicsbeliever.com/tag/case-temperature/)
- [junction to case temperature](https://electronicsbeliever.com/tag/junction-to-case-temperature/)
- [thermal rsistance](https://electronicsbeliever.com/tag/thermal-rsistance/)
- [MOSFET selection](https://electronicsbeliever.com/tag/mosfet-selection/)
- [buck converter mosfet](https://electronicsbeliever.com/tag/buck-converter-mosfet/)
- [how to select mosfet for buck](https://electronicsbeliever.com/tag/how-to-select-mosfet-for-buck/)
- [mosfet for buck converter](https://electronicsbeliever.com/tag/mosfet-for-buck-converter/)
- [LLC resonant converter gain](https://electronicsbeliever.com/tag/llc-resonant-converter-gain/)
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