PNP transistor is very useful in high side driving. A successful high side driving circuit starts with the proper understanding how to saturate a PNP transistor. Below are the steps to do it. How to Saturate a PNP Transistor – Step 1 Make sure that the circuit supplies are able to forward bias the emitter-base junction How to Saturate a
READ
There are several ways how to know if a transistor is saturated or not. It is very important that if you design a transistor to function as a switch that it should operate in the saturation and cutoff. Operation at cutoff is simply interrupting the bias of the transistor. However operating at saturation is not that easy. You need to
READ
Open collector and push-pull configurations are IC pin driving techniques (particularly output pin). Nowadays ICs such as microcontrollers, digital signal controllers and processors are already configurable. The programmer can set the output pin to either open collector or push-pull implementations. Open collector is an implementation wherein the IC will not provide the supply by itself the external circuit by floating its
READ
What is source and sink current? Source and sink currents are used by integrated circuits such as microcontrollers, digital signal controllers, digital signal processor and any application specific integrated circuits. Sometimes these are being interchanged by others that it should not be. In this article we will know the answer of the question what is source and sink current. Source
READ
Charging and Discharging Capacitive Circuits The voltage on a circuit having capacitors will not immediately go to its settling state unlike purely resistive circuits. When a potential difference is applied to an RC circuit the like of Figure 31 below and then S1 is closed, the voltage across the capacitor will exponentially rises from zero to its final value. At
READFuse is a very simple electrical part and yet needs to be properly selected. Its role in the circuit is very important actually. Selecting a right fuse starts with a good understanding on fuse electrical parameters. There are some important fuse electrical parameters to consider. These are the Current Rating, Ampere Square Seconds, Breaking Capacity and Voltage Rating. Fuse Electrical Parameters Explanation 1.
READ
There are several circuit analysis methods. In this article I will discuss the most common. In the proceeding discussion I will just use a resistor as an example but in actual application it is not limited to it. Popular Circuit Analysis Methods 1. Ohm’s Law Ohm’s law is very popular in resistive circuit. It states that the current flowing through
READ
In this article I will discuss Fuse Operation and Principle. A fuse is a simple electrical part which consists of a wire and terminals on each end. It is plainly a passive device which protects the circuit in the event of a large current. When this happens, the fuse element will open and the circuit will become discontinuous. Fuse operation
READ
Current transfer ratio is comparable to BJT’s HFE or beta (β). This is the ratio of the optocoupler’s collector current to the forward current. Current transfer ratio is popular by its abbreviation CTR. CTR is simply the measure of the optocoupler’s transfer efficiency. If we recall the basics, optocoupler is a semiconductor device with a light source and a detector.
READ
Way back several years ago, power supply designers and engineers are continuously searching for innovation. Long time ago what is available is only the linear type power supply. A linear power supply will consume a lot of power in order to provide regulation. This huge power consumption sacrifices the efficiency of the power supply. Try to imagine if you are
READ